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Body Logistics > 10.2 - Dermatology Diseases > Flashcards

10.2 - Dermatology Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What are the words to describe small and large lumps

A
  • papule are small (less than 5mm)
  • nodules are larger (more than 5mm)
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2
Q

What are the words to describe small and larger water blisters

A
  • vesicle is small water blister
  • bulla is larger water blister
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3
Q

What is the word to describe pus-filled vesicle

A

Pustule

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4
Q

What is the word for redness

A

Erythema

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5
Q

What is the word to describe a non-palpable area of discolouration (large and small)

A
  • macule are small
  • patch are larger (2cm +) macules
  • Non-palpable means its in line with skin
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6
Q

What is a palpable, flat topped area (greater than 2cm)

A

Plaque
Palpable – raised from skin

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7
Q

What is the medical word for a scratch

A

Excoriation (mention the length of them)

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8
Q

Word for stretch marks

A

Striae

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9
Q

Word for itch

A

Pruritis

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10
Q

What does ‘atrophy’ mean

A

Thinning

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11
Q

What is a telangiectasia

A
  • A thread vein
  • Can be normal or pathological
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12
Q

What is ichthyosis

A

Scaling of skin

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13
Q

What are the words for loss of epidermis, and loss of epidermis + dermis

A
  • erosion if loss of epidermis (eg scrape of knee). Superficial
  • ulcer if loss of epidermis and dermis (eg due to venous insufficiency.
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14
Q

What is lichenification

A

Thickening of the skin with exaggerated skin markings

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15
Q

What are the words for too much hair and too little/thinning hair

A

What are the words for too much hair and too little/thinning hair
- hirsutism is too much hair
- alopecia is too little hair

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16
Q

The process of inflammation results from three major events…

A
  • vasodilation - cells coming into inflamed areas
  • increased microvascular permeability resulting in production of protein rich exudate, so body can fight off infection
  • influx of leukocytes
17
Q

Main signs + symptoms of inflammation

A
  • Rubor (redness/erythema)
  • Tumor (growing/swelling)
  • Calor (heat)
  • Dolor (pain)
  • Functio laesa (loss of function eg joint inflammation)
18
Q

Features and possible causes of psoriasis

A
  • Presence of acanthosis (thicker layer that is raised from the skin)
  • Reduced epidermal transit time of keratinocyte from basal → superficial layer (stratum corneum) ☞ results in thicker layer of epidermis
  • Erythema – due to increased vascularity of the upper dermis → more blood
    cause: may be inherited, since family members suffer from psoriasis simultaneously. There may be triggers that can cause a flare up in individuals with an underlying presdisposition to psoriasis. Triggers on different card.
19
Q

What are some common psoriasis triggers

A

these can trigger a flare-up in individuals who are already predisposed to psoriasis
- An injury to skin
- Excessive alcohol
- Smoking
- Stress
- Hormonal changes (more important in women, eg puberty + menopause)
- Certain medications (eg lithium, antimalarial meds, anti-inflammatory, ACE inhibitors)
- Other immune disorders

20
Q

How to differentiate between eczema + psoriasis

A

usually found on extensor surfaces, whereas eczema usually on flexor surfaces
- Psoriasis found on knees, elbows, forehead
- Eczema usually found behind knees + elbows

21
Q

What are some other common signs of psoriasis (not plaques on skin)

A
  • Pitting of nails
  • Increased growth of nail, causing separation of the nail from the nail bed (nails also have keratin)
  • Joint problem
22
Q

Treatment of psoriasis

A

topical
- Emollients
- Salicyclic acid
- Topical steroids
- Vitamin D analogues
systemic
- Psoralen + PUVA (UV light treatment)
- Cytotoxic drugs
- Retinoids (caution women of childbearing age)
- Monoclonal antibodies

23
Q

What is atopy

A

Asthma, hayfever and eczema all together

24
Q

What is eczema + it’s features

A
  • Dermatitis: inflammation of the skin
  • A chronic dermatological disease
  • Can be found all over the body, but most commonly on flexor surfaces eg back of wrists, behind knees and behind elbows
  • Very itchy and red
25
Q

What are the causes of eczema

A

internal - born with it. Usually with atopy (triad of asthma, hayfever and eczema)
external - where skin is irritated by something. Often occupation-related eg by chemicals

26
Q

What are some treatments of eczema

A

topical
- Emollients
- Topical steroids
- Topical immunosuppressants
systemic
- Anti-histamines
- Immunosuppressants

27
Q

What is malignant melanoma + features

A
  • Skin cancer very common
  • Most melanomas occur in the trunk or legs
  • Most common on scalp in bald people (due to extra exposure to UV light)
  • Different stages, depending on how deep they go
  • Eg stage III is spread to lymph nodes, stage IV is where they spread to other organs
28
Q

What are some risk factors for malignant melanoma

A
  • Some families have genetic predisposition to melanoma
  • This can be caused by a mutation in the CDKN2A cell regulatory gene
  • Non-inherited mutations eg BRAF can also affect cell growth regulation, and have been identified in melanoma patients
  • Sun exposure + insufficient sun protection
  • Type of skin: more common in paler people due to having less melanin
29
Q

What are some treatments for malignant melanoma

A
  • Wide local excision: removal of melanoma and surrounding tissue
  • Radiotherapy and chemotherapy
  • This is decided based on the type of cancer and how deep it is
30
Q

What is vitiligo and it’s symptoms

A

skin no longer producing melanin → becomes depigmentated
☞ Pale white patches develop on skin
☞ more at risk of UV damage on patches
☞ Two types – segmental + non-segmental
☞ usually occurs before age 30
☞ most commonly affects:
- Skin around mouth and eyes
- Fingers and wrists
- Armpits
- Genitals + groin
- Inside the mouth

31
Q

What is the difference between segmented + non-segmented vitiligo

A

segmented = non symmetrical patches on both sides
non-segmented = symmetrical

32
Q

What are the causes of vitiligo

A
  • autoimmune where immune system destroys melanocytes
  • trigger eg stress
  • hereditary
  • environment eg more UV
  • risk factors eg if already have other immune conditions like T1 DM, anaemia, addison’s, lupus, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis
33
Q

What are the common treatments and management of vitiligo

A
  • Topical steroids
  • Calcineurin inhibitors (immunosuppressants) eg tacrolimus/pimecrolimus
  • Cosmetic camoflague (makeup)
  • Sunscreen for preventative
34
Q

What is alopecia areata + its causes

A
  • Spot baldness
  • Usually found on scalp
  • Autoimmune cause
35
Q

What are some treatments/management of alopecia areata

A
  • Topical steroids
  • Calcineurin inhibitors (immunosuppressants) eg tacrolimus
  • Cosmetic methods eg wigs
  • Psychological impact: anxiety and depression
36
Q

What is acne and it’s common symptoms/signs

A
  • Skin condition that affects sebaceous glands
  • Commonly found on face and back (areas that have most oil)
  • Papules, pustules, nodules, cysts, scars and comedones (open or closed)
37
Q

What are open and closed comedones

A
  • open ie blackheads. Skin pigments
  • closed ie whiteheads. Due to hair follicle and pit being closed
38
Q

What are some common causes + triggers of acne

A
  • hormones eg androgens stimulate sebaceous glands to make more sebum
  • medications eg corticosteroids, lithium and testosterone
  • diet carbohydrate rich foods may worsen acne
  • stress may exacerbate acne
39
Q

what are some common treatments for acne

A
  • Treatment depends on acne
  • Lifestyle factors eg diet and stress management, adjusting medications
  • Topical agents → oral agents → surgical/intralesional injections + stronger oral agents
  • Note that skin may become hyperpigmented, hypopigmented or scarred even after acne has cleared

Body Logistics (11 decks)

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