102. Swollen Finger

Question 1

What defines the innate immune system?

Answer 1

It is in-born and operates throughout life

Question 2

What defines the adaptive immune system?

Answer 2

It changes in response to the pathogens it encounters and is characterised by the development of immunological memory such as B cells and antibody production

Question 3

What are cytokines?

Answer 3

Small soluble proteins involved in cell-cell signalling

Question 4

What does autocrine mean?

Answer 4

Actions of secretions are on the cell secreting the substance

Question 5

What does paracrine mean?

Answer 5

Acts on adjacent cells

Question 6

What does endocrine mean?

Answer 6

Acts on cell and organs at remote sites

Question 7

What are chemokines?

Answer 7

Subgroup of cytokines that recruit phagocytes and cause leukocyte extravasation, movement out of circulation to tissue site

Question 8

What do monocytes differentiate into in tissues?

Answer 8

Macrophages

Question 9

What is the most abundant cell of the innate immune system?

Answer 9

Neutrophils

Question 10

Which cells release histamine?

Answer 10

Mast cells
Basophils
Eosinophils

Question 11

Which cell types release histamine?

Answer 11

Granulocytes

Question 12

What PRR (pattern recognition receptor) mediates phagocytosis?

Answer 12

Complement receptors
Beta-glucan
Fc

Question 13

Which PRR (pattern recognition receptor) mediate inflammatory response?

Answer 13

TLR’s (toll like receptors)
CLR’s (C-type lectin receptors)
RLR’s (RIG-I-like receptors)

Question 14

What are the signs of inflammation?

Answer 14

Swelling - Tumor
Redness - Rubor
Heat - Calor
Pain - Dolor
Loss of function

Question 15

What are the 3 complement pathways?

Answer 15

Classical Pathway
Alternative Pathway
Mannose binding lectin pathway

Question 16

What do all three complement pathways result in?

Answer 16

Formation of the Membran attack complex (MAC)

Question 17

What complement proteins form the membrane attack complex (MAC)?

Answer 17

C5b-9

Question 18

Where are complement proteins produced?

Answer 18

In the liver

Question 19

Once a dendritic cell has encountered an antigen where does it migrate to?

Answer 19

Paracortex of lymph node

Question 20

What do dendritic cells do in the local lymph node?

Answer 20

They present the antigen to T-cells

Question 21

What are the two types of T-cells?

Answer 21

T helper (CD4+)
T cytotoxic (CD8+)

Question 22

What do CD4+ (T helper) cells respond to?

Answer 22

MHC2+ Antigen presentation

Question 23

What do CD8+ (T cytotoxic) cells respond to?

Answer 23

MHC1+ Antigen presentation

Question 24

What activates B cells?

Answer 24

T helper (CD4+) cells presenting antigens
Macrophages presenting antigens

Question 25

What happens when CD4+ Th1 cells are activated?

Answer 25

They proliferate and secrete IL2 which self stimulates to secrete IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha

Question 26

What does IFN-gamma do?

Answer 26

Increases macrophages ability to lyse phagocytosed pathogens

Question 27

What happens when CD8+ (T cytotoxic) cells are activated?

Answer 27

Produce cytolytic enzymes which are injected into the cell to trigger apoptosis

Question 28

What happens when CD4+ Th2 cell are activated?

Answer 28

They self stimulate with IL4 secretion which causes B cell proliferation

Question 29

What happens when B cells are activated?

Answer 29

They differentiate into effector and memory cells

Question 30

What are plasma cells?

Answer 30

The effector B cells once they have been activated and are circulating in the blood producing antibodies

Question 31

What does humoral immunity involve?

Answer 31

CD4 Th2 cells, B cells and abs

Question 32

What does cellular immunity involve?

Answer 32

CD4 Th1 cells and macrophages

Question 33

What is affinity maturation?

Answer 33

Random mutations in V-region genes leading to changes to DNA sequence affecting affinity (antigen binding ability)

Question 34

What is class switching?

Answer 34

Recombination of Ig gene segments | Constant region = heavy chains but there is a change in the variable region so there is the same antigen specificity

Question 35

What chemical factors are involved in vasodilation and increase vascular permeability in inflammation?

Answer 35

``` Histamine NO Substance P Bradykinin Leukotrienes IL1 TNF IFN-gamma ```