Topic C - Nervous system, neurological diseases and the eye part 2

Question 1

comparison of control between somatic and autonomic nervous system

Answer 1

somatic: Voluntary (can be controlled)
autonomic: Involuntary (cannot be controlled)

Question 2

comparison of neural pathway between somatic and autonomic nervous system

Answer 2

somatic: One motor neuron extends from the CNS to an effector (one synapse)

autonomic: A pre-ganglionic neuron extends from the CNS to an autonomic ganglion and synapses with a
post-ganglionic neuron that extends to an effector (two synapses)

Question 3

comparison of neurotransmitters between somatic and autonomic nervous system

Answer 3

somatic: Acetylcholine (ACh)
autonomic: Pre-ganglionic neurons: ACh, Post-ganglionic: ACh or norepinephrine/noradrenaline

Question 4

comparison of effector between somatic and autonomic nervous system

Answer 4

somatic: Skeletal muscle
autonomic: Smooth muscle (digestive, blood vessels), cardiac muscle, glands

Question 5

comparison of action between somatic and autonomic nervous system

Answer 5

somatic: Excitatory (muscle contracts)
autonomic: Excitatory or inhibitor

Question 6

comparison of examples between somatic and autonomic nervous system

Answer 6

somatic: Muscles movements on hands, legs, neck, etc
autonomic: Heart rate, peristalsis, pupil reaction, etc

Question 7

comparison of control centres between somatic and autonomic nervous system

Answer 7

somatic: Frontal lobe
autonomic: : Hypothalamus (interbrain)

Question 8

what does Autonomic Nervous Systems (ANS) consist of and what is its function?

Answer 8

• Consist of mainly PNS
• It functions mostly by involuntary reflexes
• To maintain homeostasis (balanced/normal
environment) in changing internal conditions

Question 9

what are the effectors of the ANS? where are the sensory and motor impulses carried in?

Answer 9

• Effectors are: cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands.
• Sensory impulses – centers in hypothalamus, brain stem, spinal cord
• Motor impulses – to be carried to effectors via cranial or spinal nerves

Question 10

what is the sympathetic division and what is it responsible for?

Answer 10

prepare for physical action to meet emergencies
Fight or flight (‘F or F’)

*Involuntary reflexes
Effectors are: cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands.

Question 11

what is the parasympathetic division and what is it responsible for?

Answer 11

dominant under normal, non-stressful/relax conditions

Rest and relax (‘R & R’)

Question 12

remember to look at the table for the response in efforters

Answer 12

ogey

Question 13

what are the 6 types of headaches?

Answer 13

migraines
headaches caused by digestive problems
stress headaches
tension headaches
sinus headaches
anxiety headaches

Question 14

what is a primary headache? (HA) give eg

Answer 14

• stand-alone illnesses caused directly by the
overactivity of, or problems with, structures in the
head that are pain-sensitive.
• This includes the blood vessels, muscles, and nerves of the head and neck. They may also result from changes in chemical activity in the brain.

• Eg. migraines, tension headaches, cluster HA

Question 15

what is a secondary headache? (HA) give eg

Answer 15

symptoms that happen when another condition stimulates the pain-sensitive nerves of the head. In other words, the headache symptoms can be attributed to another cause.

• Eg. alcohol-induced hangover, brain tumor, blood clots, bleeding in or around the brain, concussion, dehydration, glaucoma, teeth-grinding at night, influenza, overuse of pain medication, panic attacks, stroke

Question 16

what causes multiple sclerosis? what are some of its signs/symptoms?

Answer 16

• Characterized by demyelination of the axons (help
with conduction of nerve impulses, nerve became uninsulated, direction of impulse is difficult to control)
• Unknown cause, may be hereditary
-It is an autoimmune disease (body cannot distinguish
self from non-self)

signs/symptoms: Loss of sensation/touch, motor control/movement, vision. In severe cases, can cause dementia.
• Patient are usually wheelchair-bound.

Question 17

what impact does multiple sclerosis have on the eyes?

Answer 17

1. Nystagmus - Involuntary rapid eye movement.
   • Pain, double vision

• 2. Optic neuritis – severe inflammation of the optic nerve
-Loss of vision

Question 18

what is a brain tumor and what are its symptoms ?

Answer 18

Any tumor, extra tissue, or fluid can cause pressure on the brain and result in the following symptoms:

• Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) - caused by extra tissue or fluid in the brain that can leads to Headache.
• Brain damage-Life threatening
• HA (worse in morning), nausea, vomiting, change in
speech, vision & hearing, balancing/walking problem,
mood/personality change, memory, muscle
jerking/twitching, numbness/tingling in arms & legs.

Question 19

what are the 2 types of brain tumor?

Answer 19

benign:
no cancer cells, removed & never grow back, but it may became malignant

malignant:
has cancer cells, rapid grow/spread to other part of brain/spinal cord (metastasis) but not to other part of body, life threatening

Question 20

what are the risk factors and diagnosis of brain tumors?

Answer 20

Risk factors: ionizing radiation (eg. High dose x-ray),
family history

Diagnosis: Medical imaging (eg. CT scan, MRI),
Tissue biopsy (to study the cell/tissue change)

Question 21

what are the impacts of pituitary and cerebellar tumor?

Answer 21

pituitary tumor:

• Press on optic chiasma
• Cause hemianopia=Visual field loss

cerebellar tumor:
Press on visual cortex/optic radiation