Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MedSurg 1 > Fluid and Electrolytes (A&P Review) > Flashcards

Fluid and Electrolytes (A&P Review) Flashcards

1
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

Molecules that split into ion when in water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the electrolytes that are cations (positively charged)?

A
  • Na
  • K
  • Ca
  • Mg
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the electrolytes that are anions (negatively charged?)

A
  • HCO3 (bicarbonate)
  • CL (chloride)
  • PO4 (phosphate/phosphorus)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What electrolytes are most present in ICF?

A
  • K
  • PO4
  • Mg
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What electrolytes are most prevalent in ECF?

A
  • Na

- Cl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Fluid Spacing

A
  • First Spacing: fluid is normal (everything is where it’s supposed to be)
  • Second spacing: increased fluid in interstitial spaces
  • Third spacing: fluid in areas that normally has little to no fluid in it (ex, ascites aka fluid in the abdomen, fluid in the lungs)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Unit of Electrolytes

A

mEq = milliequivalents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How is fluid intake regulated?

A
  • Thirst
  • Plasma osmolality
  • Decrease in blood volume
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does fluid output occur?

A

Through skin, kidneys, lungs, and GI tract
- Fluid loss through skin and lungs is called insensible loss as you can’t measure how much water comes out of your skin and lungs like you can from your kidneys and GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

ADH

A
  • Hormone that helps regulate homeostasis of fluid balance
  • Plasma osmolality increases, then ADH released, causing kidneys to reabsorb water, leading to plasma volume increasing and plasma osmolality decreasing
  • ADH inhibited by normal osmolality
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Renin

A
  • Hormone that helps regulate homeostasis of fluid balance
  • Important in the regulation of BP.
  • Made and secreted by the kidneys
  • Released into the bloodstream in response to decreased renal perfusion, decreased BP, decreased eCF, decreased serum Na+ concentration, and increased urinary Na+ concentration.
  • Elevated BP inhibits renin release
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Aldosterone

A
  • Hormone that helps regulate homeostasis of fluid balance
  • maintains ECF volume by promoting renal reabsorption of Na+ and excreting of K+ and hydrogen ions.
  • stimulated by hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, and angiostensin II
  • inhibited by ANP and hypokalemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Dehydration

A
  • type of FVD

- deficit of water in the ECF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Isotonic Dehydration/ Hypovolemia

A
  • type of FVD
  • caused by decrease in plasma volume while the serum osmolality of the blood remains unchanged
  • most common type of FVD (80% of FVD cases)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Hypertonic Dehydration

A
  • type of FVD
  • caused primarily by loss of water
  • water loss exceeds sodium loss making blood hypertonic to normal body fluids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hypotonic Dehydration

A
  • type of FVD
  • caused by loss of water and sodium
  • more sodium than water is lost, making blood hypotonic to normal body fluids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Causes of Isotonic Dehydration

A
  • Hemorrhage
  • Diarrhea
  • Emesis
  • Suctioning
  • Profuse Sweating
  • Drainage
  • Diuretic Therapy
  • Severe Burns
  • CO poisoning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Causes of Hypotonic Dehydration

A
  • Inadequate Na intake during rehydration
  • Salt-wasting renal conditions (ex. CKD - chronic kidney disease)
  • Adrenal insufficiency, adrenal failure, adrenalectomy
  • long term use of thiazide diuretic
19
Q

Causes of Hypertonic Dehydration

A
  • Inadequate water intake by those who can’t get water for themselves (infants, elderly, disabled, immobile, those who can’t eat or swallow, those on prolonged NPO).
  • Severe isotonic fluid loss
  • increased solute intake without proportional water intake (ex. salt tablets, high sodium beverages, infant formula that hasn’t been properly diluted)
  • hyperglycemia and DKA
  • Diabetes insipidus
20
Q

S/Sx of FVD

A

Vital Signs: Hypotension/orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia, thready pulse, tachypnea, temperature WNL or elevated, sudden weight loss (best indicator of fluid volume status)

CV: Weak, rapid pulse, heart palpations, dim peripheral veins

GI: Dry mouth, N/V

Integumentary: poor skin turgor, pale, cool, dry skin, sunken eyeballs, dry mucous membranes

MS: Muscle weakness, fatigue

Neuro: Thirst, lightheaded, confusion, altered mental status, decreased LOC

Renal: amber or dark colored urine, decreased urine output

Respiratory: increased respiratory rate

21
Q

Overhydration

A
  • type of FVE

- excess water in the ECF

22
Q

Isotonic Overhydration/Hypervolemia

A
  • type of FVE

- Plasma volume increases while plasma composition remains unchanged

23
Q

Hypertonic Overhydration

A
  • type of FVE
  • Na+ and fluid excess caused by excessive sodium intake
  • sodium intake exceeds water intake, making blood hypertonic to normal body fluids
24
Q

Hypotonic Overhydration

A
  • type of FVE
  • aka water intoxication
  • fluid excess caused by the overconsumption or excessive IV admin of salt-free solutions
  • water intake exceeds sodium intake, making the blood hypotonic to normal body fluids
25
Q

Edema

A
  • type of FVE
  • swell of soft tissues as a result of excess fluid accumulation
  • classified in extremities as either pitting or nonpitting
26
Q

Causes of Isotonic Overhydration/Hypervolemia

A
  • excessive administration of isotonic IV fluids
  • abnormal retention of water and sodium due to heart or renal failure or liver cirrhosis
  • long term corticosteroid therapy (prednisone)
27
Q

Causes of Hypotonic Overhydration/Water Intoxication

A
  • excessive intake of salt-free solutions, such as water
  • in infants, ingestion of diluted formula or excess water
  • irrigation of wounds and body cavities with hypotonic fluids (ex. enemas)
  • liver failure
  • syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) secretion
28
Q

Causes of Hypertonic Overhydration

A
  • excessive ingestion of NaCl
  • excessive admin of hypertonic IV solutions
  • primary hyperaldosteronism
  • cushing’s syndrome
29
Q

S/Sx of FVE

A

Vital Signs: Hypertension, tachycardia, tachypnea, temperature WNL, sudden weight gain (1kg gained = 1 L retained)

CV: Bounding pulse, JVD, peripheral vein distension, S3 heart sound

GI: Ascites, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly

Integumentary: pale, cool, taut skin, edema

MS: Muscle spasms

Neuro: Headache, confusion, lethargy, seizure, coma (secondary to cerebral edema)

Renal: polyuria, oliguria, anuria

Respiratory: pulmonary edema, dyspnea, crackles, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, cough

30
Q

Anasarca

A

severe generalized edema

31
Q

Ascities

A

accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

32
Q

Cerebral Edema

A

accumulation of excess fluid in the brain

33
Q

Generalized Edema

A

swelling throughout the body, involving multiple organs and extremities

34
Q

Lymphedema

A

swelling caused by blockages of the lymph vessels that drain fluid from issues throughout the body

35
Q

Periorbital Edema

A

edema around the eye

36
Q

Peripheral Edema

A

swelling of the extremities, usually the legs

37
Q

Pleural Effusion

A

Accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity

38
Q

Pulmonary Edema

A

Accumulation of fluid in the lungs

39
Q

Albumin

A

Normal range = 3.5-5.0 g/dL

  • protein that is a contributor to osmotic pressure
  • plasma has large amounts of protein while interstitial space has very little
  • plasma protein molecules attract water, pulling fluid from tissue space to the vascular space
40
Q

Prealbumin

A

Normal range = 15-36 mg/dL

  • protein made by liver
  • indicator of inflammatory state or malnutrition
41
Q

BUN (blood urea nitrogen)

A

Normal range = 10-20 mg/dL

  • pt with FVD often has increase BUN with increased plasma and urine osmolality
  • pt with FVE often has decreased BUN with decreased plasma and urine osmolality
42
Q

Creatinine

A

Normal range = Male: 0.6-1.2 mg/dL, Female = 0.5-1.1 mg/dL

  • indicator of kidney health, kidneys filter fluids
43
Q

BNP (b-type natriuretic peptide)

A

Normal range = <100 pg/ML

  • hormones made by cardiomyocytes in response to increased atrial pressure (increase volume) and high serum sodium levels.
  • suppress secretion of aldosterone, renin, and ADH
  • promote excretion of Na+ and water, decreasing blood volume and BP
44
Q

Urine Specific Gravity

A

Normal range = 1.010-1.025

  • high readings indicate concentrated urine
  • low readings indicate dilute urine

MedSurg 1 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions