Particles Flashcards
A piece of grammar that can be used in a sentence to add meaning
도
“Even”; “Also”; “Too”
Attached directly after a noun, pronoun, or particle.
When used after a noun, 도 replaces any of the Markers (Topic, Subject, Object).
Does NOT attach to unconjugated verbs/phrases, and cannot be used by itself.
It can also be used between verbs that use 하다 with a noun and the Object Marker (을/를). This works because these verbs with 하다 literally mean “to do” that noun.
When used with a negative verb (such as 수 없다), 도 can also mean “either” or “neither”. For instance, “저도…수 없어요” means “me neither”.
에
“To” (shows where someone is going. It can only be used for locations, not people/animals)
“At”; “In” (shows where someone or something is located)
Attaches after a noun, and marks that noun as a location.
- This can be the location that someone is going to.
- Can combine with 가다 (to go), among other verbs.
Ex: 저는 학교에 갈 거예요. ‘I will go to school.’
- Also can be the location where someone/something is at.
- Can combine with 있다 (to exist).
Ex: 책은 제 방에 있어요. ‘The book is in my room.’
- Can combine with 있다 (to exist).
Exception: The verb 살다 meaning ‘to live’ can actually be used with either 에 or with 에서. Both are correct.
So you can have either of these two sentences.
저는 미국에 살아요.
저는 미국에서 살아요.
‘I live in America.’
들
Noun + 들 (to make a noun into a plural noun, to indicate more than one person, place, or thing)
Most of the time it’s not necessary to use a plural noun in Korean. It can be understood from context if a noun is plural or not.
Plural nouns are only necessary to use when talking about a noun in general.
You may use plural nouns when you want to clarify that you’re talking about more than one of a noun (but again, this is usually unnecessary).
만
“Only”
Attached directly after a noun, pronoun, or particle.
When used after a noun, 만 replaces any of the Markers (Topic, Subject, Object). Or, it can be used together with a Marker, but 만 must come BEFORE the Marker (this usage is much less common).
Does NOT attach to unconjugated verbs/phrases, and cannot be used by itself.
It can also be used between verbs that use 하다 with a noun and the Object Marker (을/를). This works because these verbs with 하다 literally mean “to do” that noun.
의
Similar to the apostrophe “s” in English - it connects 2 nouns together.
It attaches directly after a noun. It cannot be used by itself: Noun + 의
When 의 is a regular syllable in a word, it is pronounced normally.
When 의 is used as the particle 의, it is more often pronounced as 에.
*Note: 저의 (“my”) is more commonly shortened (& written) as 제
의 is not only for people, but also for regular nouns. When used this way, 의 can also translate as “of”.
Ex: 집의 문 –> “house door”; “door of the house”
Ex2: 음식의 앗 –> “food flavor”; “flavor of food”
에서
“At”; “In” (marks the location where an action happens)
“From” (used to say ‘from’ a location)
- Used as “at” or “in” the location where something is happening:
Ex: 우리 아들은 도서관에서 공부해요. ‘My son studies at the library.’
Ex2: 진영 씨는 병원에서 일해요. ‘Jinyeong works at the hospital.’
Ex3: 저는 한국에서 살고 싶어요. ‘I want to live in Korea.’ - Used as “from” a location:
Ex: 빌리 씨는 학교에서 나갔어요. ‘Billy went outside from school.’
Ex2: 빌리 씨는 이제 집에서 올 거예요. ‘Billy will come from home now.’ - 에서 can also be combined with the past tense form of the verb 오다 ‘to come’ to mean literally that you came from a location.
This is how you can say the place (city, state, country , etc.) where you’re from.
Ex: 저는 한국에서 왔어요. ‘I am from Korea.’
Ex2: 저는 미국에서 왔어요. ‘I am from America.’
Exception: The verb 살다 meaning ‘to live’ can actually be used with either 에 or with 에서. Both are correct.
So you can have either of these two sentences.
저는 미국에 살아요.
저는 미국에서 살아요.
‘I live in America.’
까지
까지 means ‘as far as’ or ‘until’ a location.
It means that someone goes up until. Someone goes as far as, but no farther than a location.
Ex: 집에서 학교까지 갔어요. ‘I went from home to school.’
Ex2: 은행까지 가 주세요. ‘Please go to the bank’ or ‘as far as the bank.’
