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Question 2

Steroid hormone

Answer 2

cholesterol derived-Gonadal (estrogen, Testosterone) -> secreted by cells of ovaries and testes-Adrenocortical (aldosterone, cortisol) -> secreted by cells of adrenal cortexNeed protein carriers

Question 3

Peptides/protein hormones

Answer 3

Dissolve in blood  don’t need carrier proteins (but most have them)secreted from:Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, Pancreas, GI tract, Respiratory System

Question 4

Amino Acid Hormone

Answer 4

• Thyroid Gland (thyroid hormones)- Adrenal medulla (nor/epinephrine)- Dissolve readily in blood

Question 5

Pituitary Gland parts

Answer 5

Hypothalamus -> median eminence -> infundibulum -> Posterior and anterior pituitary (seated in the sella turcica of sphenoid bone)- Posterior pituitary: infundibular stalk -> pars nervosa- Anterior Pituitary: Pars tuberalis, Pars intermedia, Pars distalis

Question 6

Anterior Pituitary embrology

Answer 6

: Evagination of oropharynx ectoderm toward Rathkes pouch

Question 7

Posterior Pituitary embryology

Answer 7

invagination of neural ectoderm  infundibular process

Question 8

Anterior pituitary

Answer 8

(adenohypophysis)- Pars distalis (anterior lobe)- Pars Tuberalis- Pars Intermediavascular connection to Hypothalamusregulates other endocrine glands (tropic hormones) and some nonendocrine tissues

Question 9

Posterior Pituitary

Answer 9

• Infundibulum -> continuous with median eminence… contains neurosecretory axons forming hypothalamohypophyseal tracts- Pars Nervosa (posterior lobe)Neurological connection to hypthalamous -> stores hypothalamus neurosecretions stores and secretes ADH and Oxytocin

Question 10

Herring Bodies

Answer 10

Store and secrete hypothalamus neurosecretions in the posterior pituitary

Question 11

Neuronal Cell bodies of Hyp.

Answer 11

supra-optic nucleus - synthesize and secrete primarily ADHParaventricular nucleus - synthesizes and secretes primarily oxytocin

Question 12

Anterior Pituitary cell types

Answer 12

Basophils• Gonadotrophs - FSH and LH in response to GnRH• Thyrotrophs - Thyrotopin/TSH in response to TRH• Corticotrophs – ACTH in response to CRHAcidophils•Somatotropes – release GH/Somatotropin stimulated by GHRH•Mammotrops/lactotropes – prolactin in response to TRH

Question 13

Pituitary gland blood supply

Answer 13

Superior Hypophyseal artery • From internal carotid -> supplies median eminence, pars tuberalis and infundibulumInferior Hypophyseal artery• From Internal Carotid -> supply pars nervosa• Capillary net work in hypothalamous• Capillary net work in anterior pituitaryHypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

Question 14

hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

Answer 14

carries neuroendocrine secretions and hypothalamic nerves from median eminence to pars distalisin particular… carries hypothalamic releasing hormones

Question 15

pituitary regulation

Answer 15

2 levels of inhibition: 1) Hormone production in the pituitary gland is inhibited 2) hypothalamic releasing hormones are regulatedPrimarily negative feedback

Question 16

Pineal Gland

Answer 16

regulates daily body rhythm

Question 17

Pinealocytes

Answer 17

95% of cells in pineal• Specialized neurosecretory cell• Produce serotonin (light phase) and melatonin (dark phase)

Question 18

Interstitial cells

Answer 18

5% of cells in pineal- Supporting Cells- Similar to astrocytes

Question 19

Brain Sand

Answer 19

• distinguishing feature of pineal gland- Precipitation of calcium phosphates and carbonates  left over after exocytosis of secretion

Question 20

Neural input to pineal gland

Answer 20

Receives input from photosensitive retinal ganglion cells

Question 21

Melatonin

Answer 21

diurnal regulation -> play role in regulating daily body rhythm• Day - inhibition• Night - stimulation

Question 22

Important Circadian Rhythms

Answer 22

• Sleep/wakefulness cycle• Body temperature• White Blood Counts• Mitotic activity of ACTH and Cortisol• Responsiveness to drugs