Chapter 3B: Surveillance activities

Question 1

What does Article 23 say about legal surveillance?

Answer 1

Permits EU or member state law to restrict rights granted - surveillance must respect the essence of fundamental rights and freedoms and be necessary and proportionate measure in democratic society.

Question 2

What is surveillance?

Answer 2

Observation of an individual or group of individuals - may be covert or carried out openly, conducted in real time or by access to stored materials

Question 3

Examples of electronic surveillance

Answer 3

Social network analysis, data mining, profiling, aerial surveillance, satellite imaging, telecomms surveillance, CCTV, biometrics, geolocation tech

Question 4

Public surveillance must be conducted in a manner to respect individual rights enshrined in…

Answer 4

The Charter of Fundamental rights, specifically the right to a private and family life (active 7) and protection of personal data (Article8)

Question 5

What does the LEDP Directive say about public surveillance?

Answer 5

(Recital 66) Although the processing of personal data must be lawful, fair and transparent, this should not prevent law enforcement authorities from carrying out activities (e.g., covert investigations and video surveillance) to:

• Prevent, investigate, detect and prosecute criminal
offences

• Safeguard against and prevent threats to public
security (key requirements: lawfulness, necessity,
proportionality and regard for legitimate
interests of the natural person)

Question 6

Laws that fail to appropriately take into account the rights and freedoms of data subjects re: surveillance may…

Answer 6

Be struck down by the CJEU.

Question 7

Surveillance by private entities must…

Answer 7

Be based on legitimate purposes

In addition to the GDPR, national laws may concern confidentiality, privacy, data protection and other civil rights such as employment law

Question 8

What is communications data made up of?

Answer 8

Content data and metadata

Question 9

What is ‘content data’ re communications data?

Answer 9

The content of a communication (actual messages, attachments).

This is protected by a right to freedom of expression, recognised by laws around the world.

Question 10

What is ‘metadata’?

Answer 10

Data about data - information generated or processed as a consequence of a communication’s transmission

It fails to provide context to content and falls within the GDPR’s definition of personal data because it can be used to identify someone

Question 11

Examples of meta data…

Answer 11

Traffic data (for telephone calls)

Location data, cell ID, device location, time of call

Question 12

The ePrivacy directive covers what comms data?

Answer 12

Location data

Content data (must not be disclosed unless there’s consent from all users - member states can introduce some exemptions for limited purposes)

Traffic data

Question 13

What are the requirements for collecting location data under ePrivacy Directive?

Answer 13

For collection of individuals’ precise location-based data, opt-in consent is generally required (with the exception of carriers who need the data to provide the service)

Question 14

What are the requirements for surveillance of content data under ePrivacy Directive?

Answer 14

The confidentiality of the content of communications must be ensured and cannot be intercepted or disclosed to third parties unless there is consent from all
users

Member states can introduce some exemptions if
necessary for very limited purposes

Question 15

What are the requirements for surveillance of traffic data under ePrivacy Directive?

Answer 15

Access to traffic data is limited

Telecommunications carriers can process traffic data for the purpose of conveying communications and possibly for some limited marketing activities with the user’s consent

Question 16

EPrivacy rules to not apply to…

Answer 16

Private networks (e.g. corporate intranets)

There are still monitoring considerations.

Question 17

For CCTV or other modes of video surveillance, the following should be considered…

Answer 17

Lawfulness of processing (prior to carrying out surveillance)

A DPIA is required if the surveillance could be high risk, involve systematic monitoring or publicly accessible area on a large scale

Prior checking (some countries, CCTV triggers requirement to notify the regulator / seek authorisation in some cases)

System should be proportionate to the purpose (e.g. remote control, sound recording, facial recognition may not be necessary)

Information provision - for overt video surveillance, controllers must comply with the transparency requirement of the GDPR where the controller may not have a direct relationship with the DSs (public spaces)

Individual rights - under the GDPR, rights such as access still apply

Measures to protect personal data of these individuals including staff training, CCTV policy, and regular compliance reviews

Question 18

Location data is referred to as an identifier in the GDPR’s definition of
personal data. True or false?

Answer 18

True.

If location data can be used alone or in combination with
other information to identify someone, then it should be considered
personal data.

Question 19

Google has identified three main areas of location data that it uses to
deliver its services:

Answer 19

• Implicit location information, such as search terms
• Internet traffic information, such as IP addresses
• Device-based location services, such as Google Maps