gastrointestinal (class 8)

Question 1

diarrhea

Answer 1

acute or chronic. watery stools daily. can lead to dehydration. can lead to hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, and metabolic acidosis.

Question 2

constipation

Answer 2

fewer than three bowel movements per week. hard stools, incomplete evacuation, or manual evacuation. common in older adults. more common in women.

Question 3

cdif

Answer 3

bacterial enterotoxins, loss of normal flora/overgrowth of pathogens. severe infection of the colon, antibiotic-associated infection, affects food digestion, causes diarrhea.

Question 4

cdif incubation

Answer 4

1-2 weeks

Question 5

cdif pathogenesis

Answer 5

antibiotic therapy interferes with normal protective bacteria in colon

Question 6

cdif manifestations

Answer 6

diarrhea, abdominal cramps, malaise, fever, anorexia.

Question 7

cdif management

Answer 7

cessation of causeative antibiotic; antibiotic therapy with metronidazole-possibly vancomycin for resistant strains.

Question 8

irritable bowel syndrom IBS

Answer 8

motility disorder of lower GI tract. 10-15% adult population, young people most affected. higher in women than men, depression and anxiety linked to IBS.

Question 9

IBS s/s

Answer 9

abdominal bloating, gas, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fatigue, headache, depression, or anxiety colicky, spasms, or dull and continuous pan, change in frequency, hard or lumpy, loose or watery, straining urgency or a sensation of incomplete evacuation, tender near the sigmoid colon.

Question 10

inflammatory bowel disease IBD

crohns

Answer 10

etiology unknown. chronic inflammatory disorder affecting the gastrointestinal tract. can affect any portion of the GI tract from the mouth to the anus but usually affects the terminal ileum and ascending colon.
age onset: 15-30/60-80. disease slowly progressive, relapsing. diarrhea: less severe than coloitis, no blood or mucus in stool. pain: cramping right lower quadrant. nutrition: anemia, weight loss, multiple vitamin and mineral deficiencies.

terminal ileum and ascending colon.

Question 11

IBD

ulcerative coloitis

Answer 11

etiology unknown. chronic inflammatory disorder that affects the mucosa and submucosa of the colon and rectum, onset is usually insidious. attacks that last 1 to 3 months occuring at intervals of months to years

age 15-30/60-80. chronic and intermittent. 5-30 stools per day with blood and mucus. pain: cramping in left lower quadrant, relieved by defecation. nutrition: anemia, hypoalbuminemia, and weight loss.
rectum and sigmoid colon.

Question 12

diverticular disease

Answer 12

diverticula are small (0.5-1.0 cm) outpouchings of the colon that occur in rows. inreases with age. diet plays a factor. lifestyle choices. men and women are equally affected

Question 13

diverticulosis

Answer 13

presence of diverticula. asymptomatic
pain ( usually left-sided) constipation and diarrhea occur
complicaition is hemorrhage/diverticulitis

Question 14

diverticulitis

Answer 14

inflammation in and around the diverticular sac causing pain. usually affects 1 diverticulum. sigmoid colon. undigested food/bacteria forms hard masses/ low grade temp/ abdomen tenderness

Question 15

celiac disease

Answer 15

chronic t-cell mediated autoimmune genetic disorder of the small intestine in which the absorption of nutrients, particularly fats, is impaired.

Question 16

lactose intolerance

Answer 16

lactase deficiency is usually genetic in origin, but also occurs secondarily to celiac disease, crohn disease, and other disorders affecting the mucosa of the small intestine.

Question 17

short bower syndrome

Answer 17

resected small bowel due to tremors, infarction of bowel mucosa, incarcerated hernias, crohns disease, bariatric surgery, trauma, and enteropathy resulting from radiation therapy.

Question 18

colorectal cancer

Answer 18

cancer of colon or rectum. cause unknown. 3rd most common cancer diagnosed in US. higher among african americans. occurs most frequently after age 50.

Question 19

colorectal cancer complications

Answer 19

1. bowel obstruction due to narrowing of bowel lumen by lesion. 2. perforation of the bowel wall by the tumor, allowing contamination of peritoneal cavity by bowel continent. 3. direct extension of the tumor to involve surrounding organs.

Question 20

colorectal cancer screening

Answer 20

yearly fecal occult blood test. flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years or double contrast barium enema every 5 years.

Question 21

colorectal cancer diagnosis

Answer 21

sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy as the primary diagnostic test used to detect and visualize trmors.

Question 22

colorectal cancer surgery

Answer 22

surgical resection of the tumor, adjacent colon, and regional lymph nodes in the treatment of hcoice for colorectal cancer.

Question 23

caring for pt with colostomy

Answer 23

assess the stoma, monitoring output. provide stoma and dietary teaching. keep the stoma free from irritants. empty a drainable pouch or replace the colostomy bag as needed.
provide stomal and skin care.
no rectal suppositories, rectal temperatures, or enemas if had abdominoperineal resection.

Question 24

radiation therapy for colorectal cancer

Answer 24

not primary treatment./used with resection. preoperatively to shrink large rectal tumors to surgically able to remove it.

Question 25

colorectal cancer chemotherapy

Answer 25

used to reduce its spread to the liver and prevent recurrence. used postoperatively as adjunctive therapy.

Question 26

both therapies

Answer 26

together radiation, chemotherapy reduce the rate of tumor recurrence and prolongs survival for patients with stage III rectal tumors.