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PRITE QUESTIONS BOOK > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

60 y/o right handed male getting lost, only writes on right half of paper. Left sided hemineglect. Where is lesion?

A

Right parietal lobe

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2
Q

66 y/o with HTN, develops vertigo, diplopia, nausea, vomiting, hiccups, L face numbness, nystagmus, hoarseness, ataxia, staggering gait, fall to left. Dx?

A

Lateral medullary stroke

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3
Q

26 y/o W/ha and right hand clumsiness for weeks. Difficulty with rapid alternating movements of hand, over intention tremor on finger to nose, and mildly dysmetric finger tamping. CNS intact and no papilledema. Where is damage?

A

Cerebellum

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4
Q

78 y/o pt with schema stroke that left him with residual mild hemiplegia but patient unaware. When asked to raise weak arm, patient raises good arm. When this is pointed out he admits arm is slightly weak. Neglects the side of body when grooming. He did not shave side of face, difficulty putting shirt on when it was turned inside out. Area?

A

Right parietal lobe.

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5
Q

Head MRI reveals infarct in distribution of left anterior cerebral. Sx?

A

Weakness of contralateral foot and leg, sparing face and arm with abulia.

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6
Q

Adult neurogenesis in which area?

A

Hippocampus

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7
Q

Previously pleasant mom becomes profane and irresponsible over 6 months. Pathology?

A

Frontal lobe

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8
Q

Rapid onset of right facial weakness, left limb weakness, diplopia

A

Brainstem infarction

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9
Q

In addiction, DA neurons project to nucleus accumbent. Cell bodies of these neurons reside in?

A

Ventral tegmental area.

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10
Q

Which brain region does leptin work at?

A

Hypothalamus

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11
Q

Oxytocin suppresses which area?

A

Amygdala

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12
Q

Hypothalamus area for maternal behavior?

A

Pre-optic

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13
Q

CN for gag reflex and palette elevation?

A

Vagal nerve

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14
Q

The medial temporal lobe is responsible for what type of memory?

A

Declarative

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15
Q

In the development of the CNS in the first two years, the motor cortex develops before or after than sensory cortex?

A

Before

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16
Q

Which cortical region is a key component of the salience network?

A

Anterior cingulate cortex

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17
Q

Initial learning phase of skilled motor sequence requires corticostriatal system and what other system?

A

Corticocerebellar

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18
Q

Reduced hippocampal volume causes what type of memory impairment?

A

Declarative

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19
Q

Histaminergic neurons that regulate sleep originate in which brain nuclei?

A

Tuberomammillary

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20
Q

Pt receives neck manipulation, now has dysarthria speech, gait ataxia, right body numbness, and neck pain

A

Vertebral a. dissection

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21
Q

Which areas are connected by the stria terminals?

A

Amygdala to the septal area and the hypothalamus

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22
Q

Wakefulness depends on which brain area?

A

Ascending reticular activating system

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23
Q

What forms de neural tube?

A

Ectoderm

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24
Q

Repetitive TMS for MDD targets which brain region?

A

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

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25
Q

Neurogenesis in the adult brain is restricted to what region of the brain??

A

Dentate gyrus

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26
Q

Bipolar has decreased connectivity here

A

Amygdala and prefrontal cortex

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27
Q

Biogenic amine made in locus ceruleus

A

Norepinephrine

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28
Q

CNS response to fear mediated by what structure

A

Central nucleus of the amygdala

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29
Q

Brain area activated by subliminal presentations of emotional faces

A

Amygdala

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30
Q

CNS region containing DA neurons projecting to caudate and putamen

A

Substantia nigra

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31
Q

Area of the brain responsible for face recognition

A

Fusiform nucleus

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32
Q

Area of brain to remember a number to make a phone call

A

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

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33
Q

Which part of cortical-stratal-pallidal-thalamic cortical circuit evaluates painful stimuli

A

Lateral orbitofrontal

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34
Q

The dorsolateral-prefrontal cortex, striatum, and……..Are part of a loop circuit that produces worry and obsessive symptoms

A

Thalamus

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35
Q

The BBB is made up of what kind of cells?

A

Endothelial

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36
Q

DA neurons in what system is primarily implicated in tasks related to cognitive processing?

A

Mesocortical

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37
Q

Which dopaminergic pathway includes the nucleus accumbent and mediates addiction and associated behaviors?

A

Mesolimbic

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38
Q

Development of brain grey-matter volume peaks at what age?

A

Late childhood

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39
Q

In a pt with hippocampus damage, what allows them to still learn new skills like playing tennis?

A

Basal ganglia

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40
Q

65 y/o male patient has a stroke which causes him to fall. Weakness of R leg, with only minor weakness of the R hand, no weakness of the face, no sensory deficit. Speech not affected but seems unusually quiet and passive. The stroke most likely involves the

A

Left anterior cerebral artery

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41
Q

Hemisensory loss followed by pain and hyperpathia involving all modalities and reaching the midline of the trunk and head is most consistent with ischemia in the distribution of which of the following arteries?

A

Posterior cerebral

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42
Q

R side palsy with equal involvement of the face, arm and leg combined with third nerve palsy is most likely to result from occlusion of which of the following arteries?

A

Posterior cerebral

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43
Q

Bilateral lower extremity weakness, abulia, mutism, urinary incontinence are most likely to result from occlusion of which of the following arteries?

A

Anterior cerebral

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44
Q

Pure sensory deficit extending to midline and involving face, arm, trunk, and leg, caused by a lacunar infarct where?

A

Lateral thalamus

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45
Q

Blocking R PCA causes which visual disturbance?

A

Left homonymous hemianopsia

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46
Q

The clinical syndrome associated with occlusion of the cortical branch of the posterior cerebral a. would result in which of the following?

A

Homonymous Hemianopia with Alexia without agraphia

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47
Q

29 y/o cocaine user complains of LFP, numbness in both legs and feet, thighs, buttocks, abdomen, and says R leg is weak and clumsy, L leg is tired. Has urinary incontinence and difficulty walking, Decreased light touch, pinprick, and T. Normal vibration and proprioception. DTR difficulty to elicit. Muscle tone normal. Decreased strength in B/L LE but worse on R. Dx?

A

Anterior spinal artery infarction

48
Q

Loss of ability to execute previously learned motor activities (which is not the result of demonstrable weakness, ataxia or sensory loss) is associated with lesions of

A

Left parietal cortex

49
Q

Normal Romberg w/eyes open but loses balance with eyes closed. Where is the abnormality?

A

Cerebellar vermis

50
Q

Motor speech paradigm activation task on fMRI- hyperactivity in R temporal lobe. Damage where?

A

Calcarine fissure

51
Q

Aphasia w/ effortful fragmented, non-fluent, telegraphic speech, is seen in a lesion where?

A

Posterior frontal lobe

52
Q

A pituitary tumor that protrudes through the diaphragmatic sella is most likely to cause?

A

Bitemporal hemianopsia

53
Q

Conduction aphasia often occurs as a result of damage to which structure?

A

Arcuate fascicule

54
Q

Unilateral hearing loss, vertigo, unsteadiness, falls, headaches, mild facial weakness, and ipsilateral limb ataxia is most commonly associated with tumors in what locations?

A

Cerebellopontine angle

55
Q

20 y/o with 1 yr h/o bitemporal headaches, polydipsia, polyuria, and bulimia + 2 months h/o emotional outbursts, aggression, and transient confusion. Neurons exam normal. What will MRI of the brain show?

A

Hypothalamic tumor.

56
Q

34 y/o M is referred for psychiatric evaluation 5 yrs after sustaining a head injury at work. Prior to accident, he was a stable, happily married man. Since the accident, he is overly talkative and restless. His wife divorced him due to his irresponsible acting. What damage?

A

Frontal lobe

57
Q

Patient reports headaches and peripheral visual loss. Visual field defects involving the temporal fields of both eyes are detected. An MRI scan is likely to reveal?

A

A mass in the sella turca.

58
Q

Unconsciousness can be induced by a small area of damage where?

A

Reticular formation

59
Q

Acute onset of hemiballismus of LUE and LLE. MRI is most likely to show lesion located where?

A

Subthalamic nucleus

60
Q

Akinetic mutism can result from bilateral infarctions of which of the following structures

A

Anterior cingulate gyrus

61
Q

Which lesion causes bilateral coarse nystagmus worsening with visual fixation and present with horizontal and vertical gaze?

A

Brainstem

62
Q

32 y/o with 1 mo hx of worsening headaches, episodic mood swings and occasional hallucinations with visual, tactile and auditory content. CT head reveals tumor where?

A

Temporal lobe

63
Q

What does the cerebellum do in the human adult brain?

A

Diverse roles in movement, behavior, and learning

64
Q

Syndrome characterized by fluent speech, preserved comprehension, inability to repeat w/o associated signs. Location of lesion in the brain?

A

Supramarginal gyrus or insula.

65
Q

Lesions in mammillary bodies will produce what symptoms?

A

Amnesia, confabulation, lack of insight

66
Q

62 y/o progressive personality changes, has dull emotions, lack of initiative, and apathy. An autopsy is likely to show atrophy of

A

Frontal lobe

67
Q

Implantation of DBS electrodes is an effective tx for Parkinsons’s. Optimal location for electrodes?

A

Subthalamic nucleus

68
Q

DBS in which brain structure is a useful treatment for primary generalized dystonia?

A

Globus pallidus

69
Q

Mesolimbic DA pathway includes which structure?

A

Ventral striatum

70
Q

Neural plasticity largely mediated through the capacity to rapidly change in number and morphology which of the following?

A

Dendritic spines

71
Q

The uncinate fasciculus connects which of the following brain areas?

A

Anterior temporal and ventral pre-frontal regions

72
Q

What are the cortical columns?

A

Functional units for information processing

73
Q

Abnormal emotional expressions such as pathological laughter or crying caused by lesions affecting cortical subcortical circuits linking frontal cortex, pons, and what?

A

Cerebellum

74
Q

Exposure to light affects which brain structure?

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

75
Q

What does synaptogenesis peak?

A

First 4 yrs of like

76
Q

Why does the brain rapidly increase in size from birth to 2 years.

A

Synaptogenesis of neurons

77
Q

Where does the neuron morphology in the brain change the most?

A

Prefrontal cortex

78
Q

Threatening objects produce startle response prior to person becoming consciously aware. Connection of thalamus to what?

A

Amygdala

79
Q

Huntington’s disease characterized by a loss of neurons producing which neurotransmitter?

A

GABA

80
Q

17 y/o with binge eating associated with a 60 lb weight gain over the past 4 months. CT shows a craniopharyngioma that likely disrupts what structure?

A

Ventromedial hypothalamus

81
Q

What is an accurate statement about the brain’s default mode network?

A

Is involved in reprocessing previously experienced stimuli.

82
Q

The most likely reason that adults are superior to adolescents in abstract thinking. The brain undergoes:

A

Synaptic running

83
Q

Dorsal-lateral-pre-frontal cortex plays an important role in what activity?

A

Working memory

84
Q

Drug abuse activates these neurons circuits, generating signals in the ventral segmental area to where?

A

DA into the nucleus accumbent

85
Q

95% of R handed people develop left hemispheric dominance for language. What % of left handed people develop right hemispheric dominance for language?

A

75%

86
Q

Neural pathway mediating reactive aggression?

A

Amygdala-hypothalamus periaqueductal gray

87
Q

Area of frontal cortex activated in Wisconsin Card Sorting Test during shifting of cognitive sets?

A

Dorsolateral

88
Q

After middle age, what region of the brain has decreasing sleep spindle density?

A

Frontal and occipital lobes

89
Q

What neurodevelopment process predominantly occurs during adolescence and young adulthood?

A

Synaptic prunning

90
Q

Where in the brain are circadian rhythms related to sleep behavior set and maintained?

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

91
Q

What sensation is transmitted through the spinothalamic tract?

A

Pain

92
Q

Ability to temporarily store and manipulate information such as in mental arithmetic

A

Working memory

93
Q

Neural circuit that connects anterolateral orbitofrontal cortex, anterior part of the putamen, and the thalamus is involved in what cognitive function

A

Affective processing

94
Q

What type of glial cells form myelin sheaths in the PNS?

A

Schwann

95
Q

Region of the brain most closely associated with cortical processing of faces?

A

Left parietal

96
Q

This hypothalamic nuclei is key to integration of neural and nutrient signals with hormonal signals from the small intestine, pancreas, liver, adipose tissue, and brainstem.

A

Arcuate nucleus

97
Q

Region of the brain connected with the ant. medial frontal cortex during recognition of the affective behavior by mirror neuron system?

A

Insula

98
Q

Corticotropin-releasing hormone is released from which brain region during stress?

A

Paraventricular nucleus

99
Q

Orexin is made in what part of the brain?

A

Lateral hypothalamic nuclei

100
Q

Brain area activated by subliminal presentations of emotional faces

A

Amygdala

101
Q

Where does histamine synthesis happen?

A

Hypothalamus

102
Q

Which dopaminergic pathway includes the nucleus accumbens and mediates addiction and associated behaviors/ reinforcing?

A

Mesolimbic

103
Q

Primary taste cortex in humand located in which cortical area?

A

Anterior insular

104
Q

CNS response to fear mediated by

A

Centromedial nuclei of the amygdala

105
Q

Which circuit mediated ability to resist responding to aggravating situations with hostility?

A

Orbitofrontal

106
Q

Hyperactivity of orbitofrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and thalamus is what disorder?

A

OCD

107
Q

Where are stem cells in the hippocampus for adult brains?

A

Sub-granular zone

108
Q

Intact somatosensory functioning for light touch, pressure, temperature, pain, vibration, and proprioception but patient cannot recognize objects based on touch. Which brain region is affected?

A

Posterior parietal lobe

109
Q

Mesolimbic DA pathway includes which structure?

A

Ventral striatum

110
Q

How do cortical brain areas connect between the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Commisural fibers

111
Q

What hormone is synthesized in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus?

A

Neuropeptide Y

112
Q

Individuals with PTSD demonstrate low responses in what structures on functional imaging?

A

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

113
Q

Thiamine deficiency is associated in changes in which structure?

A

Mammillary bodies

114
Q

Diencephalon is a precursor to which brain structure?

A

Thalamus

115
Q

Poor strategies for solving visuospatial problems such as following illustrations for assembling furniture involves which circuit?

A

Dorsolateral prefrontal circuit

116
Q

Which hypothalamic nuclei affect puberty by pulsatile GnRH secretion?

A

Infundibular

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