Neuroohysiology

Question 1

Which cell types secretes innate pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-alpha and IL-B in its with inflammatory conditions that affect the brain?

Answer 1

Microglia

Question 2

The cortical synaptic remodeling characteristic of normal adolescence is also believed to be associated with what neurobiological change?

Answer 2

Preferential loss of excitatory synapses

Question 3

Relaxation state in biofeedback shows decreasing

Answer 3

Skin conductance

Question 4

How do inflammatory cytokines contribute to depression?

Answer 4

Increases serotonin reuptake transporters (opposite of SSRIs)

Question 5

Effect of histone acetylation leads to?

Answer 5

Activates transcription

Question 6

Genetic test most efficient in sequencing protein coding regions?

Answer 6

Whole exome sequencing

Question 7

Best time for amniocentesis to assess for genetic disorders

Answer 7

20 w

Question 8

Compared to genetic codes, epigenetic codes are characterized by

Answer 8

Dynamic 3 dimensional structure

Question 9

3 major epigenetic mechanisms?

Answer 9

DNA methylation, histone modification, micro-RNAs

Question 10

Hormone released from adipose tissues, enters the brain and provides negative feedback/ reduces food intake, regulates fat stores?

Answer 10

Leptin

Question 11

Process of calcium mediated long-lasting increase in AMPA R signal transmission?

Answer 11

Long-term potentiation

Question 12

What does the hypothalamus secrete when you are stressed?

Answer 12

CRH

Question 13

The rapid learning demonstrated by children during the school age years is paralleled neurodevelopment ally by which of the following brain processes?

Answer 13

Increase in white matter

Question 14

The most important feature of postnatal brain development is an increase in what?

Answer 14

Number of dendritic and axonal processes

Question 15

What occurs when the CNS responds to an acute cortical insult?

Answer 15

Microglia processes retract, and the cell body enlarges

Question 16

Hormone release during sleep which doesn’t have circadian rhythm pattern

Answer 16

GH

Question 17

Neuronal plasticity for learning and memory is best accounted for by

Answer 17

Synaptic connectivity

Question 18

What is a positive effect of neuroinflammatory response?

Answer 18

Microgial propagation of cytokines with associated decreased physical activity in response to a peripheral infection

Question 19

Potent neuroprotective factor preventing apoptosis

Answer 19

Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide

Question 20

What type of R is a glucocorticoid R?

Answer 20

Nuclear

Question 21

How estrogen modulates effects on neuroinflammation

Answer 21

Decreased inflammatory cytokines

Question 22

What do you call a modulator that enhances R function when an agonist is present but does not directly activates it?

Answer 22

Positive allosteric modulator

Question 23

Nicotinic Ach R associate with reward properties of nicotine

Answer 23

a4B2

Question 24

What role does histone phosphorylation play?

Answer 24

Early response gene induction

Question 25

Disruption of cortical areas that form the salience network leads to impaired functioning?

Answer 25

Detection of relevant stimuli.

Question 26

Gene coding for which protein has 3 copies in trisomy 21

Answer 26

Amyloid precursor protein APP

Question 27

First step of next generation sequencing?

Answer 27

Genomic DNA gragmentation

Question 28

Which cells form neural circuits and scavenge for debris in the brain?

Answer 28

Microglia

Question 29

What epigenetic mechanism inhibits transcriptional machinery from DNA, leading to decreased gene transcription?

Answer 29

Methylation

Question 30

Gene variant that is best identified by pedigree based approach

Answer 30

Rare high penetrance

Question 31

Where is ghrelin synthesized and released

Answer 31

Enteroendocrine cells in the proximal small intestine and stomach

Question 32

Relationship between estrogen and depression during menopausal transition?

Answer 32

Rapidity of change in estrogen corrected with the development of depression

Question 33

Which of the following is in highest concentration in women?

Answer 33

Dehydroepiandrosterone