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Period 1 Flashcards

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AP® U.S. History flashcards
1
Q

When did the original discovery and settlement of North/South America begin?

A

10,000 years before Christopher Columbus or 40,000 years ago

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2
Q

How did the Native Americans arrive in the Americas?

A

Crossed a land bridge that connected Siberia and Alaska (which is now submerged under the Bering Sea).

Migrated Southward from Arctic Circle to southern tip of South America

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3
Q

How many Native Americans were in the Americas in the 1490s?

A

50 million to 100 million

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4
Q

How many Native civilizations were there in South America?

A

3: The Mayas, Incas, Aztecs

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5
Q

Describe the Mayas and when they ruled?

A

A.D 300 - A.D 800

Built cities in the rain forests of the Yucatán Peninsula (Guatemala, Belize, Southern Mexico)

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6
Q

Describe the Aztecs and when they ruled?

A

Centuries after the decline of the Mayas

In Central America and Mexico

The capital city was Tenochtitlán with a population of 200,000

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7
Q

Describe the Incas and when they ruled?

A

The same time period as the Aztecs

In South America

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8
Q

Describe the similarities (and differences) between the Aztecs, Mayas, and Incas

A

Developed organized societies

Carried out trade

Created Calendars based on scientific observation

Cultivated crops for food supply

  • Mayas and Aztecs = Corn
  • Incas = potatoes
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9
Q

What was the population of North American Natives in the 1490s?

A

Under 1 million to more than 10 million

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10
Q

Describe North America relative to South America for Native Americans

A

North America was smaller with less sophisticated native societies

Due to the slow spreading of cultivation of corn from Mexico

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11
Q

How did Native Americans live when Columbus arrived in North America?

A

Semi-Permanent settlements with less than 300 people

Men made tools + hunted
Women gathered food

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12
Q

Describe Language among the Native Americans

A

More than 20 language Families and 400 distinct languages

Largest language families

  • Algonquian = Northeast
  • Siouan = Great Plains
  • Athabaskan = Southwest
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13
Q

Describe the Southwest Settlements in North America?

A

Dry region including New Mexico and Arizona

Main groups: Hokokam, Anasazi, and Pueblos

Lived in: Caves, under cliffs, multi-storied buildings

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14
Q

What happened to Southwest Settlements when the Europeans arrived?

A

Extreme drought and hostile natives had taken a toll on them

Way of life was preserved in arid land and stone/masonry dwellings

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15
Q

Describe the Northwest Settlements in North America

A

Pacific Coast from Alaska to Northern California

Lived in: Permanent longhouses and plank houses

Diet based on: Hunting, fishing, and gathering

Carved totem poles

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16
Q

What was a problem in the Northwest Settlements?

A

High mountain ranges caused isolation and barriers to development

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17
Q

What were the two types of people in the Great Plains

A

Nomadic Hunters

  • Survived on Hunting (Buffalo) which was food, decoration, tools, and clothing
  • Lived in tepees

Sedentary people (Farming and Trading)

  • Lived in Earthen lodges along rivers
    Raised corn, beans, and squash
  • Traded with other tribes
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18
Q

Who and how did Native Americans acquire Horses?

A

The Great Plains Tribes traded and stole horses from Spanish Settlers in the 17th century

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19
Q

Describe the effect of Horses on American Indians

A

Tribes such as the Lakota Sioux (Great Plains) would become hunters

Could follow the buffalo across the plains

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20
Q

Describe migration for the Great Plains?

A

Tribes would merge and split due to change in conditions

Migration was very common (Apaches migrated from Canada to Texas)

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21
Q

Describe the Midwest Settlements in North America?

A

East of the Mississippi River and also called the Woodland American Indians

Diet from: Hunting, Fishing, Agriculture

Had permanent settlements

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22
Q

Describe two large things about the Midwest Settlements

A

Adena-Hopewell Culture = created large earthen mounds (300 ft)

Largest settlement in Midwest was Cahokia with 30,000 inhabitants
- In East St.Louis, Illinois (present day)

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23
Q

Describe descendants of the Adena-Hopewell Culture?

A

They spread from the Midwest Settlements (Ohio Valley) to the Northeast (New York) and practiced hunting and farming.

Their farming techniques exhausted soil and resulted in moves to fresh land frequently

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24
Q

Describe the largest group in the Northeast Settlements

A

The Iroquois Confederation: political union of 5 tribes in the Mohawk Valley, NY
- Five Tribes: Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga,
Oneida, Mohawk.

Multiple Families lived in longhouses up to 200 ft long

Powerful force from the 16th century to American Revolution.

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25
Q

Describe the Atlantic Seaboard Settlements

A

From New Jersey to Florida

Also called the people of the Coastal Plains

Descendants of the Woodland Mound Builders (Midwest Settlements)

Built timber and bark lodgings along rivers
Food from rivers and Atlantic Ocean

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26
Q

Why was Columbus’s Exploration so important?

A

Unlike the Vikings from Scandinavia in the year 1000, his voyages allowed contact across the Atlantic.

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27
Q

What happened in Europe in the 15th and 16th Century?

A

Outburst of artistic + scientific activity = RENAISSANCE

Due to improvements in the inventions of others
- Gunpowder from Chinese
- Sailing Compass (adopted from Arabs) from
Chinese

Improvement in shipbuilding/mapmaking
Invention of printing press

28
Q

What happened during the later years of the Renaissance?

A

Intense religious zeal and conflict

Ottoman Turks threatened the Roman Catholic Church that dominated West.Europe

29
Q

Describe the invasion of Moors (Islamic invaders from North Africa) in Spain?

A

The Moors conquered most of what was Spain, but Spanish Christians reconquered much of the land and set up independent kingdoms during the next several centuries.

When Queen Isabella of Castile and King Ferdinand of Aragon married in 1469
 =  Two kingdoms were united  
 =  The Spanish were able to conquer
     Granada from the Moors 
 =  They funded Christopher Columbus’ 
     voyage

Resulted in new leadership and power for Roman Catholic Europeans

30
Q

What is the Protestant Reformation?

A

A revolt against the authority of the pope in Rome from Christians in Germany, England, France, Holland, and northern European countries.

This was a conflict between Catholics and Protestants resulting in religious wars.

31
Q

What did the Protestant Reformation cause?

A

Catholics of Spain and Portugal, and Protestants of England and Holland to spread their own versions of Christianity in Africa, Asia, and Americas

A religious motive for exploration and colonization, in addition to the political and economic motives.

32
Q

Why did Economic Motives for exploration occur?

A

Originally- Merchants traveled from Venice, Italy to Constantinople on a slow, expensive, and long overland route that reached to the Chinese Empire.

The land route became blocked in 1453- Ottoman Turks seized control of Constantinople

= This resulted in fierce competition among Europeans for trade with Africa, India, and China

33
Q

Describe New Trade Routes after the Ottomans seized Constantinople?

A
  1. Sailing along the West African coast east to China
    = The Portuguese realized this was the
    shortest and easiest route.
    = Exploration sponsored by Portugal’s =
    = Prince Henry the Navigator opened up a
    sea route along South Africaś Cape of
    Good Hope
    = In 1498, Vasco de Gama reached India via
    this route.
  2. Sailing West across the Atlantic Ocean
    = Columbus attempted this route.
34
Q

Describe Slave Trading in the 15th Century.

A

Portuguese traded Slaves from West Africa

The Slaves worked in sugar plantations on the Madeira and Azores islands off the African Coast
= The Europeans used the same system in
the Americas due to the immense profit

35
Q

Describe African Resistance to slavery in the 15h century

A

They would run away, sabotage work, or revolt

Tried to maintain aspects of culture in music, religion, folkways

36
Q

How did Europe change politically in the 15th century?

A

Small kingdoms were united into larger ones.

Multi-ethnic Empires (Holy Roman Empire) were breaking up.

Nation States would replace kingdoms and multi-ethnic empires.

37
Q

What is a Nation State? (3)

A

Countries in which the majority of people share a common culture and loyalty towards the central government.

Depend on trade for revenue and church for the right to rule.

Use power to search for riches abroad and spread the influence of Christianity to overseas dominions.

38
Q

Describe Columbus’ journeys and funding?

A

Spend 8 years for financial support.
= Isabella and Ferdinand sponsored him as they just defeated the Moors in Granada
= Gave him three ships and agreed to make him governor, admiral, viceroy of all the land he would claim for Spain.

Sailed from Canary Islands (Sep.6) to Bahamas (Oct.12)
= Found no gold, no spices, and no path to China and India

39
Q

Describe Columbus’ Legacy

A

Some believe that he changed the world and allowed for permanent interaction between the Old and New World.

Some argue that his arrival caused more injustice and suffering.
= He did not find a trade route. 
= He arrived on Amerigo Vespucciś land.
= He tortured the Native Americans and
   called them Indians.
40
Q

Describe the Columbian Exchange.

A

A transfer of plants, animals and germs from one side of the Atlantic to the other.

Europeans got
= Plants + Foods = Beans, Corn, Potatoes,
= Tomatoes, Tobacco
= Diseases = Syphilis

Americans got 
= Plants + Foods = Bluegrasses, Sugarcane 
= Animals = Pigs and Horses 
= Tools = Wheel, Iron Implements, Guns 
= Diseases = Smallpox, Measles
41
Q

What was the biggest catastrophe of the Columbian Exchange?

A

Native Americans had no resistance to European disease (Smallpox and Measles)

90% of the Native American population died

42
Q

Describe the Line of Demarcation.

A

Spain and Portugal both claimed territories in the Americas, which overlapped.
= They went to the pope in Rome to resolve their
differences
= The pope drew a vertical line called the Line of
Demarcation (1493)
= Spain got land west of the line and Portugal got land
east of the line.

In 1494, Spain and Portugal moved the line a few degrees west
= Signed the Treaty of Tordesillas
= Granted Portugal Brazil and Spain the Americas.

43
Q

What secured Spainś supremacy in the Americas? (4)

A
  1. Vasco Nunez do Balboaś journey across the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific
  2. Circumnavigation of world by Ferdinand Magellanś ships
  3. Conquest of Incas in Peru by Francisco Pizarro
  4. Conquest of Aztecs in Mexico by Hernan Cortes= These conquistadores would send ships
    with gold and silver to Spain, making
    Spain the richest and most powerful
    nation.
44
Q

What did Spainś success encourage other nations to do?

A

Turn to the Americas in search of gold and power.

45
Q

What was the encomienda system?

A

The King of Spain gave grants of land and natives to individual Spaniards.

The Natives would work on the farm or in the mines in exchange for care by the Spanish Masters.

46
Q

What was the Asiento system, why did it arise?

A

As European disease caused mortality among the Native Americans, the Spanish brought enslaved people from West Africa.

The Spanish had to pay tax to the king on each slave they imported.

47
Q

What did England’s EARLIEST claims to territory in the Americas rely on?

A

John Cabot- An italian Sea captain who sailed under contract of King Henry the Third.
= Cabot explored Newfoundland in 1497.

48
Q

Why did England not follow up on John Cabot and his discoveries? (3)

A
  1. Henry VIII’s break with the Roman Catholic Church (1500s)
  2. England challenged Spanish Shipping in Atlantic and Pacific (1570-80s)
    = Sir Francis Drake attacked Spanish ships
    and seized gold/silver.
    = Sir Francis Drake attacked Spanish
    settlement in Peru
  3. Sir Walter Raleigh attempted to establish a settlement at Roanoke Island off the North Carolina Coast, but failed (1587).
49
Q

Describe two prominent early French voyageurs.

A

Giovanni da Verrazano - first navigator in 1524
= Wanted to find northwest passage leading
through Americas to Asia
= Explored North America’s eastern coast.

Jacques Cartier (1534-1542)
= Explored St.Lawrence River
50
Q

Why were the French slow to develop colonies across the Atlantic?

A
  1. Preoccupied with European Wars (1500s)

2. Preoccupied with internal religious conflict between Roman Catholics and Protestants (Huguenots)

51
Q

Describe the first permanent French Settlement in America?

A

Established by Samuel de Champlain in 1608 in Quebec
= On the St. Lawrence River.

Champlain was known as the Father of New France.

52
Q

Describe other French Claims in the Americas (2)

A

Louis Jolliet and Father Jacques Marquette explored upper Mississippi river (1673)

Robert de La Salle explored Mississippi Basin (named it Louisiana) (1682)

53
Q

Describe Dutch exploration in the 1600s.

A

The Netherlands hired Henry Judson to seek westward passage to Asia through North America.

In 1609 - Hudson sailed up the “Hudson River” and established Dutch claims to New Amsterdam (later New York).

Dutch granted the ‘ Dutch West India Company’ the right to control New Amsterdam for economic gain.

54
Q

Describe Spanish Settlement in Florida.

A

Established St.Augustine in 1565

Oldest city in North America founded by Europeans

55
Q

Describe Spanish Settlement in New Mexico

A

Sante Fe was established in 1610
.
Efforts to Christianize Native Americans caused the Pueblos to revolt in 1680

Spanish did not come back until 1692.

56
Q

Describe Spanish Settlement in Texas.

A

Established multiple settlements that grew in the early 1700s.

Spain attempted to resist French efforts to explore the lower Mississippi river from Texas.’

57
Q

Describe Spanish Settlements in California.

A

Established settlements in San Diego (1769) and San Francisco (1776)

1784 = Multiple settlements had been established along the coast
= By members of the Franciscan order.
= 9 settlements were founded by Father
Junipero Serr.

Settlements in California only occurred as a response to Russian Exploration of Alaska.

58
Q

What was the prime difference between Europeans in the Americas? (and similarities)

A

All believed that Native Americans could be exploited for economic gain, converted to Christianity, and used as military Allies.

Difference = how they controlled Native Americans.

59
Q

Describe Spanish treatment/policy against Native Americans.

A

Native Americans who did not die from disease, and Africans died from forced
labor.

Explorers intermarried with Natives and Africans.

60
Q

Who was Bartolome de Las Cases, and what did he do?

A

European Priest who advocated for better treatment for Natives

Persuaded king to institute New Laws of 1542
= Ended Indian slavery and forced labor, and began to end Encomienda System.

61
Q

What happened to the New Laws of 1542?

A

Conservative Spaniards pushed the king to repeal parts of the New Laws so they could keep the encomienda system.

62
Q

What was the Valladolid Debate?

A

A debate between Bartolome de Las Cases, and Juan Gines de Sepulveda regarding the rights and status of Native Americans.

No one one the debate, but Las Casas did not gain equal treatment for Native Americans.

63
Q

Describe English and Native American relations.

A

The English came in families and initially coexisted with the Native Americans.

However, they did not have respect for NA culture.
= The NA felt threatened as their land was being seized.

The English forced small NA tribes to move away, expelling them instead of subjugating them.

64
Q

Describe French and Native American relations.

A

French viewed Indians as economic and military allies.

French built trading posts throughout the St. Lawrence Valley, Great Lakes region, and Mississippi River.
= French and NA carried out trade here.

French soldiers helped the Huron people fight the Iroquois.

65
Q

What did Native Americans do in response to the settlers?

A
  1. Allied themselves with one European power to gain support

2. Moved to new land

66
Q

Why were the Europeans not concerned about the Native Americans?

A

North American tribes saw themselves as distinct and did not work with other Native Americans (there was no unified response).

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