19.Civil disobedience movement Flashcards
PYQ Themes
-Chronology of imp events ->2 questions
- Basic tenets of particular party
ex. Congress Socialist Party - march organizers
ex. salt law break@Tanjaure - reason of agitations/boycotts/fasts
ex. against simon commission
ex. Gandhi’s fast unto death
ex. boycott of simon - reason of formation of conference & basic details
ex. National Social Conference
ex. 1st roundtable
ex. 3rd roundtable - recommendations
ex. nehru report
ex. simon commission - imp acts
ex. poona act
Chronology of major events
//
- The Run-up to Civil Disobedience Movement
(a) Calcutta Session of Congress
-Calcutta session ->motilal Nehru report was approved ->had demand of dominion status -> young elements wanted purna swaraj -> if the government did not accept a constitution based on dominion status by the end of the year -> ask for purna swaraj & launch civil disobedience
(b)Political Activity during 1929
-Gandhi travelled preparing people
for direct political action
- organised a Foreign Cloth Boycott Committee
- the Meerut Conspiracy Case (March), bomb explosion in Central Legislative Assembly by Bhagat Singh and B.K. Dutt
- Labour government to power in england -> more empathetic to india
(c)Irwin’s Declaration (October 31, 1929)
-discussed about the attainment of Dominion status -> was no time scale.
(d)Delhi Manifesto
1.what?
-conference of prominent national
leaders
- put conditions for attending the Round Table
a) Purpose should not be to determine whether or when dominion status was to be reached but to formulate a constitution for implementation of the dominion status
b) congress majority representation
c) amnesty for political prisoners
3.Irwin says ‘‘to draft a constitutional scheme isn’t conference purpose’’
(e)Lahore Congress and Purna Swaraj
- Jawahar made president
- Congress’ acceptance of complete independence as goal
- Decisions taken
a) boycott round table
b) Complete independence as aim
c) programme of civil disobedience including non-payment of taxes ; legislatures asked to resign
d) January 26, 1930 -> first independence day
(f)January 26, 1930: the Independence Pledge
1.Created by gandhi
- Consists of
a) Indians have right to freedom
b) british deprived us of freedom ; ruined us in socio-economic,politico-culturally
c) it’s crime against man and God to submit to british
- Civil Disobedience Movement—the Salt Satyagraha & Other Upsurges
a) Gandhi’s Eleven Demands
Demands
a) General demands
- Reduce expenditure on Army and civil services by 50%
- reforms in CID
- change Arms act & accept postal bill
- release political prisoners
b) Bourgeois Demands
- rupee to sterling ratio
- textile protection
- coastal shipping
c) peasants
- Reduce land revenue by 50%
- salt tax
b)Why Salt was Chosen as the Important Theme
- not socially divisive -> everyone needs salt
- Salt provided small but psychologically important income.
c)Dandi March (March 12-April 6, 1930)
- Details
- From ahamadabad to dandi (240 miles) ; 78 members(12 march-6 april)
2.directions for future action
-break salt law
-foreign liquor,cloth
-no taxes
-no lawyer practise ; no courts ; no government servants
-truth and non-violence as condition
-
d)Spread of Salt Law Disobedience
1.Nehru arrested ; gandhi arrested (b4 dharasana march)
2.After Gandhi’s arrest, the CWC sanctioned: ● no ryotwari revenue ● no-chowkidara-tax ● violate forest laws
- Satyagraha at Different Places
a) Tamilnad : Rajagopalachari from tiruchirapalli ; anti-liquor campaign -> coimbatore,madura ; violent eruptions,attacks,riots happened
b) Malabar: K. Kelappan(vaikom satyagrah fame) ; Krishna pillai ->defended flag on Calicut beach.
c) Andhra : godavari,krishna,guntur -> military style sibirams ; merchants gave money
d) Orissa : Gopalbandhu Chaudhuri -> salt satyagraha -> Balasore, Cuttack and Puri
e) Assam : failed as compared to 1921 due to conflicts ->Assamese v/s Bengalis, Hindus v/s Muslims
- students protest
- Chandraprabha Saikiani -> forest laws
f) Bengal : bose & sengupta
- dacca communal riots
- less muslims
- largest arrests & highest violence here
- raids by Surya Sen’s Chittagong revolt group
g)Bihar
-salt law broke In Patna, Nakhas Pond -> under
Ambika Kant Sinha.
-no chowkidari tax ; cloth & liquor
h)belt of Chhotanagpur
-Haaribagh movement -> Bonga Majhi and Somra
Majhi -> also had socio-religious reform along ‘sanskritising’ -> gave up meat.liquor -> used khadi
-big zamindar -> company loyal ; petty zamindar & well off peasant by gandhi
I)Peshawar : By khan abdul gaffar khan(sarhad gandhi / Badshah khan) -> pathan population ; monthly :
Pukhtoon ; volunteers ‘Khudai Khidmatgars’ AKA Red shirts
- mass demonstrations due to leader arrest -> controlled peshawar few weeks ->later martial law -> congress support in muslim majority province made british nervous
- Army refused to fire on unarmed crowd
J)Sholapur
- Textile workers strike
- burnt liquor shops & symbols of government
- set parallel government or prati sarkar
K)Dharasana : Sarojini Naidu, Imam Sahib and Manilal (Gandhi’s son) -> brutal lathicharge
L)Gujrat
- kheda,bardoli,anand ,borsad
- villagers went to other princely states to avoid polic repression
M)Maharashtra, Karnataka, Central Provinces : defied forest laws
N)United Provinces : tenants against zamindars ;
-Agra ,rai bareilly
O) Manipur and Nagaland : - Rani Gaidinliu, a Naga spiritual leader & Haipou
Jadonang
4.Forms of mobilisation
through prabhat pheries, vanar senas, manjari senas, secret patrikas and magic lantern shows.
e)Impact of Agitation
-foreign import reduced
-loss of income from liquor,
excise and land revenue
-elections boycott
f)Extent of Mass Participation
- women
- gandhi asked them to lead
- picketting outside shops
- this marked their entry into the public sphere. - Muslims
- muslim leaders told them to stay away from it
- NWFP saw large participation
- middle class in few areas
- Dacca
- weaving community mobilized - Merchants and Petty Traders
- very enthusiastic
- tamilnad,punjab
4.Tribals
in Central Provinces, Maharashtra and Karnataka.
5.Workers
in Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, Sholapur.
6.Peasants
United Provinces, Bihar
and Gujarat.
g)Government Response—Efforts for Truce
- Government confused
- if repression -> congress said repression ; action on demands taken -> congress said victory - repression included
- Ordinances banning civil liberties
- banned press,civil disobedience organisations
- lathi charges and firing on unarmed crowds
- leaders imprisoned
3.Simon commission report
-said to be a regressive
document
- Irwin, suggested a round table
- August,1930 -> Gandhi & nehrus together put forward demands for round table -> talks failed.
