Multiple sclerosis

Question 1

For multiples sclerosis, state:

- Definition and aetiology

Answer 1

Definition and aetiology:
• Considered to be a T-cell mediated autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system (CNS)
• Myelin (the fatty tissue surrounding and protecting the nerve fibers of the CNS) is lost in multiple areas (MS plaques), leaving scar tissue called sclerosis
• Results in motor, sensory, cognitive & emotional changes (interference with nerve impulses)
• Aetiology: unknown but genetically linked

May last days to weeks with symptom-free periods which may last several years. Physical impairment varies but worsens with each episode

Question 2

For multiples sclerosis, state:

- Age and gender affected

Answer 2

Age and gender affected:
• Affects 20 and 40 years olds
• Mainly affects women

Question 3

For multiples sclerosis, state:

- Symptoms (8)

Answer 3

Symptoms (8)
• Visual impairments
• Speech disorders
• Coordination & balance difficulties
• Tremors
• Fatigue
• Weakness
• Transient tingling paraesthesia of hands or feet
• Severe illness: sudden paralysis or marked weakness

Question 4

For multiples sclerosis, state:

- Precipitating factors (6)

Answer 4

• Fatigue
• Infection (including oral)
• Stress
• Heavy exercise
• Injury
• Pregnancy

Question 5

For multiples sclerosis, state:

- 3 medicines used to treat it

Answer 5

• Corticosteroids
• Interferon Beta
• Methotrexate

Question 6

For multiples sclerosis, state:

- Oral signs

Answer 6

• Increased infections (corticosteroids)
• Mouth ulcers, bleeding gums (methotrexate)
• Poor OHI due to mobility issues

Question 7

For multiples sclerosis, state:

- Dental considerations

Answer 7

• Provide in warm, quiet, comfortable & relaxed atmosphere
• Short & frequent appointments
• Slow & simple instructions
• Prevention of periodontal infection
• Tongue & facial muscles involvement
• Use of adaptive home-care aids