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IB Biology SL (by me) > Unit 12: Human Reproduction > Flashcards

Unit 12: Human Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is Digital Rectal Exam (DRE) for?

A

to early detect prostate cancer

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2
Q

What is a self exam for?

A

to early detect breast cancer

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3
Q

What does a self exam reveal?

A

may reveal new hard spots or lumps in the breast

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4
Q

What is a mammogram? used for?

A

x-ray of the breast used to detect bumps too small to feel bumps and help distinguish if bump is breast cancerous

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5
Q

What’s the purpose of BRCA1 & BRCA2 gene?

A

to see if a patient inherited genes that are premutated.

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6
Q

Mutated copies of _____ gene makes it likely to develop ____ cancer?

A

Mutated copies of **BRCA1 & BRCA2** gene makes it likely to develop **breast** cancer

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7
Q

What is a pap smear for?

A

to detect cervical cancer

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8
Q

How does a pap smear work?

A

Swab the mucous (黏黏)of the cervix (mucous contains cells of cervix). cells observed to see if any are cancerous

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9
Q

Why is radiation therapy not needed for grandpa with prostate cancer?

A
  • expensive and painful - doctors know that prostate cancer grow very slowly, most men die from other problems - against strong statistics -> not necessary!
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10
Q

Why is biopsy unnecessary for woman with small hard spots in breast?

A
  1. doctors know based on statistics, hard spots are usually not tumorous (if they are, they’re likely not cancerous 2. Woman is upset cause she must wait a month for a biopsy but they were just dense, non cancerous tissue
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11
Q

how do US medical care make profit by overtreating?

A
  1. grandpa with prostate cancer recommended radiation therapy
  2. woman recommended biopsy after having small hard spots on the breast because they’re usually non cancerous dense tissue
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12
Q

What is biopsy?

A

The removal of a small piece of tissue for examination

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13
Q

What are stem cells?

A

unspecialized cells that can differentiate into specialized cells

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14
Q

What is the most potent (most powerful) type of stem cell?

A

Embryonic stem cells - they can become any cell type in the body

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15
Q

What cells are less potent and able to differentiate into a more LIMITED range of cell type?

A

Adult stem cells

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16
Q

Why are adult cells less potent?

A

they can only differentiate to a more LIMITED range of cells

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17
Q

What can adult stem cells do in the bone marrow?

A

differentiate into platelets, red blood cells, and some white blood cells but NO OTHER CELLS

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18
Q

What cells are great value to research and medicine?

A

Embryonic stem cells

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19
Q

Why are embryonic stem cells important?

A

they are great value to research and medicine

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20
Q

How can stem cells be used?

A

to THERAPEUTICALLY treat human disease & correct genetic mutation

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21
Q

How did Stargardt’s Disease get treated with stem cells?

A
  • DIFFERENCIATED skin cells taken from patient
  • reprorammed to be stem cells (by iPSC)
  • genetically edited to not have mutation and cultured outside the body to be new retinal cells for the mascula
  • cells transplanted to patient’s retina to repair mascula and repare sight
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22
Q

What is Stargardt’s Disease?

A

a type of mascular degernation caused by a mutation that causes mascula cells to degenerate (decline) - lose most of focused sight and color vision

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23
Q

what has been steadily dropping since the mid 20th century?

A

male fertility

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24
Q

Why has male fertility been declining? correlated with?

A

correlated with - increase in plastics - variety of synthetic compounds that are hormones (ex: birth control)

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25
Q

Why do plastics decrease male fertility?

A

plastics shed hormone like chemicals into the body & environment

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26
Q

What is infertility?

A

The inability to conceive after 1 year of trying

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27
Q

How does in-vitro (in glass) fertilization work?

A
  • woman given hormones to product 1+eggs (usually 1 egg)
  • eggs taken from female and sperm inserted to fertilize and form zygotes in glass tube
  • cultured for 2 days to early embryos
28
Q

What is cryopreservation

A

the act of freezing eggs

29
Q

Why save and freeze multiple eggs at once?

A

In case none fertilized eggs inserted to woman work and no pregnancy, they still have eggs to try again

30
Q

Who formed the first hypothesis to pregnancy?

A

Aristotle

31
Q

What was the first pregnancy hypothesis?

A

Man’s semen (seed) mixed with woman’s menstrual blood formed egg and develop to human fetus (soil and seed hypothesis)

32
Q

Who tested the first pregnancy hypothesis in what year?

A

William Harvery tested by experimenting on a deer in 1632

33
Q

Why were deers chosen to test the first pregnancy hypothesis on?

A

Deers have a distinct breeding season and the breeding can be observed

34
Q

How did William Harvey test the first pregnancy hypothesis?

A

he killed female deers after they mated with males to observe their uterus

35
Q

What did William Harvey discover?

A
  • He found no evidence of eggs or fetuses or menstrual blood
  • He only found fetuses in females WEEKS after intercourse
  • proved Aristotle’s hypothesis wrong
36
Q

Why is William Harvey’s experiment significant?

A
  • falsified Aristotle’s hypothesis - showed that lack of technology is a limitation to new discoveries
37
Q

What would happen if William Harvey had microscopes?

A

maybe he could discover how sperm fertilized eggs to form embryos

38
Q

What animals have internal fertilization?

A

Mammals, birds, reptiles

39
Q

What animals have external fertilization?

A

Most aquatic animals (fish and amphibians)

40
Q

Is internal or external fertilization more likely to occur? why?

A

INTERNAL FERTILIZATION - females have more choice because mate in land + water not just water so fertilization is more likely to occur and survive

41
Q

Why can stem cells be controversial?

A
  • Some view the storage, altering of cells offensive to life because they see the cells “human”
  • Some see the embryos “human” there is unethical
42
Q

Draw the female reproductive system

A
43
Q

Draw the male reproductive system

A
44
Q

How do menstrual hormones affect the production of one another?

A

FSH stimulates the production of oestrogen and oestrogen inhibits the production of FSH.

45
Q

Purpose of Ovary? (M/F)

A

Produces eggs. estrpgen. and progesterone

46
Q

Purpose of Uterus? (M/F)

A

Female - Provides protection, food, oxygen and removal of waste products for the fetus during pregnancy

47
Q

Purpose of Vulva? (M/F)

A

Female - Protects internal parts of the female reproductive system

48
Q

Purpose of Vagina? (M/F)

A

Female - Stimulates penis to cause ejaculation and provides a birth canal

49
Q

Purpose of Cervix? (M/F)

A

Female - Protects the fetus during pregnancy then dialates to provide a birth canal

50
Q

Purpose of Oviduct? (M/F)

A

Female - Collegs eggs at ovulation, provides a site for fertilization then moves embryo to the uterus

51
Q

Purpose of Sperm Duct? (M/F)

A

Male - Transfers sperm during ejaculation

52
Q

Purpose of Penis? (M/F)

A

Male - Has erectile tissue that becomes enlarged and hard allowing penetration of the vagina so the semen can be ejeculated near the cervix

53
Q

Purpose of Urethra? (M/F)

A

Both (This one for male) - Transfers semen during ejaculation and urine during urination

54
Q

Purpose of Testis? (M/F)

A

Male - Produces sperm and testoterone

55
Q

Purpose of Scrotum? (M/F)

A

Male - Holds testes at lower than core body temperature

56
Q

Purpose of Epididymus? (M/F)

A

Male - Stores sperm until ejaculation

57
Q

Purpose of Prostate Gland? (M/F)

A

Male - Secretes an alkaline fluid that is added to sperm at the start of ejaculation and helps sperm to swim

58
Q

Purpose of Seminal Vesicle? (M/F)

A

Male - Secretes an alkaline fluid at the end of ejaculation containing proteins that make the semen sticky

59
Q

Which hormone causes the wall of the follicle to develop after ovulation and secrete more progesterone?

A

LH (Luteinizing Hormone)

60
Q

Which organ secretes FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)?

A

Pituatary Gland

61
Q

Which hormonal event causes ovulation to occur in the human menstrual cycle?

A

A quick rise in LH

62
Q

What is in vitro fertilisation?

A

Fertilisation of an egg outside the body.

63
Q

During the menstrual cycle, what occurs in response to a fall in the progesterone level?

A
64
Q

During the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle _____

causes follicles to develop and as this development occurs the hormone ____

is released which helps to thicken the lining of the endometrium.

A

During the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle

**FSH** causes follicles to develop and as this development occurs the hormone **ESTROGEN** is released which helps to thicken the lining of the endometrium.

65
Q

Ovulation occurs after the peak in which hormone of the menstrual cycle?

A

LH

IB Biology SL (by me) (8 decks)

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