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Biology > Ch.3 Movement of substances across cell membrane > Flashcards

Ch.3 Movement of substances across cell membrane Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main components of the cell membrane?

A
  • phospholipids (磷脂)

- proteins

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2
Q

The structure of the cell membrane can be presented by ______ ______ model.

A

fluid mosaic (流動鑲嵌)

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3
Q

Phospholipid molecules are arranged in a ______, with { hydrophilic / hydrophobic } heads pointing outwards and { hydrophilic / hydrophobic } tails pointing inwards.

A

bilayer (雙層);
hydrophilic (親水的);
hydrophobic (疏水的);

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4
Q

[T/F]

Phospholipid molecules can move vertically.

A

F

Phospholipid molecules can move laterally (橫向地).

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5
Q

Protein molecules are interspersed among the ___________ molecules in a ______ pattern.

A

phospholipids; mosaic

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6
Q

a. embedded half-way | b. span | c. attached to

Some of the protein molecules are () to the surface of the phospholipid bilayer, some are () in the bilayer and others (_) the entire bilayer.

A

attached; embedded half-way; span

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7
Q

Carbohydrates are attached to some proteins to form ____________.

A

glycoproteins

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8
Q

i) channel proteins
ii) carrier proteins
(__) bind to certain substances and transport them to the other side of the cell membrane.
(__) provide channels for certain substances to move across the cell membrane.

A

ii. carrier proteins

i. channel proteins

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9
Q

i) receptors ii) antigens iii) enzymes
(__) are glycoproteins for cell recognition.
(__) bind to chemical messengers (e.g. hormones) outside cells; the binding may turn on certain activities in the cells
(__) speed up chemical reactions

A

ii. antigens
i. receptors
iii. enzymes

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10
Q

________ proteins provide channels for certain substances to move across the cell membrane.

A

Channel

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11
Q

_______ protiens bind to certain substances and transport them to the other side of the cell membrane.

A

Carrier

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12
Q

_______s bind to chemical messengers (e.g. hormones) outside cells; the binding may turn on certain activities in the cells

A

Receptors

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13
Q

________ are glycoproteins for cell recognition(識別).

A

Antigens

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14
Q

______s speed up chemical reactions.

A

Enzymes

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15
Q

The cell membrane is mainly made up of phospholipids and proteins → make the cell membrane ___________ _________.

A

differentially permeable

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16
Q

The phospholipid molecules are arranged in a bilayer with a hydrophobic core → only small, { polar / non-polar } molecules can dissolve in and move across the phospholipid bilayer.

A

non-polar

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17
Q

Some protein molecules on the cell membrane act as channels or carriers → small, { polar / non-polar } molecules and small _____s are transported by channel proteins or carrier proteins.

A

polar; ions

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18
Q

The phospholipid molecules can move laterally → makes the cell membrane _____ in nature; allows the cell membrane to change shape and _____ during phagocytosis(吞噬) and cell division.

A

fluid(流質的); fuse(融合)

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19
Q

Factors affecting the structure of the cell membrane and hence its premeability include ___________ and the presence of organic _______ (e.g. alcohol).

A

temperature; solvents(溶劑)

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20
Q

When the __________ rises, the permeability of the cell membrane increases. _______ can even damage the membrane, causing it to become fully premeable.

A

tempreature; Boiling

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21
Q

Organic solvents dissolve the phospholipids and damage the cell membrane, causing the __________ of the membrane to increase.

A

permeability

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22
Q

Diffusion is the ____ ________ of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration (i.e. down the concentration _______) until the particles are _____ly distributed.

A

net movement; gradient; evenly

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23
Q

How concentration gradient affect the rate of diffusion?

A

The steeper the concentration gradient is, the higher the rate of diffusion.

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24
Q

How surface area affect the rate of diffusion?

A

The larger the surface area over with diffusion occurs, the higher rate of diffusion.

25
Q

How distance affect the rate of diffusion?

A

The shorter the diffusion distance is, the higher the rate of diffusion.

26
Q

How tempreature affect the rate of diffusion?

A

The higher the temperature is, the higher the rate of diffusion.

27
Q

How size of particles affect the rate of diffusion?

A

Smaller particles diffuse faster than large particles.

28
Q

How nature of particles affect the rate of diffusion?

A

Non-polar substances usually diffuse faster than polar substances.

29
Q

Diffusion enables cells to _________ materials with the environment.

A

exchange

30
Q

Cells { obtain / remove } useful substances (e.g. oxygen and nutrients) and { obtain / remove } waste (e.g. carbon dioxide).

A

obtain; remove

31
Q

Diffusion is involved in process like:

  • absorption of nutrients in human _____ ________
  • ____ exchange in human lungs
  • reabsorption in human ________
A

small intestine; gas; kidneys

32
Q

T/F: Osmosis is a special type of diffusion.

A

T

33
Q

Osmosis is the ____ movement of water molecules from a region of { lower / higher } water potential to a region of { lower / higher } water potential across a d__________ p________ membrane.

A

net; higher; lower; differentially permeable

34
Q

T/F: Pure water has the lowest water potential, which is defined as zero.

A

F. (Pure water has the highest water potential, which is defined as zero.)

35
Q

All solutions have a water potential { lower / higher } than that of the pure water, which is a { positive / negative } value.

A

lower; negative

36
Q

H________ solution has a higher water potential as compared to the other solution.

A

Hypotonic

37
Q

H_______ solution has a higher water potential as compared to the other solution.

A

Hypotonic (低滲的)

38
Q

I_______ solution has the same water potential as compared to the other solution.

A

Isotonic (等滲的)

39
Q

H________ solution has a lower water potential as compared to the other solution.

A

Hypertonic (高滲的)

40
Q

Animal cells in hypotonic solution:
Net movement of water - { into / out of } the cell
Changes - s____ and finally b____

A

into; swell; burst

41
Q

Animal cells in _______ solution:
Net movement of water - No
Changes - No

A

isotonic

42
Q

Animal cells in hypertonic solution:
Net movement of water - { into / out of } the cell
Changes - s______ and become w_______

A

out of; shrink(萎縮); wrinked(皺褶)

43
Q

Plant cells in hypotonic solution:
Net movement of water - { into / out of } the cell
Changes - become t_____

A

into; turgid(膨脹)

44
Q

Plant cells in hypotonic solution:
Net movement of water - { into / out of } the cell
Changes - become t_____

A

into; turgid(膨脹)

45
Q

Plant cells in _______ solution:
Net movement of water - No
Changes - No

A

isotonic

46
Q

Plant cells in hypertonic solution:
Net movement of water - { into / out of } the cell
Changes - become f______ and p_________; vacuoles shrink

A

out of; flaccid(軟縮); plasmolysed(質壁分離)

47
Q

Osmosis is the main mechanism by which ______ enter or leaves cells in all organisms.

A

water

48
Q

Osmosis allows the _________ of water in human intestines and plant roots.

A

absorption

49
Q

Active transport is the movement of substances across the cell membrane from a region of { lower / higher } concentration to a region of { lower / higher } concentration (i.e. _______ the concentration gradient) using energy.

A

lower; higher; against

50
Q

Why does active transport consume energy?

A

The carrier protein change its shape using energy.

51
Q

Active transport allows the uptake of additional useful substances wich are already { low / high } in concentration in the cells.

A

high

52
Q

Active transport is involved in the absorption of _______s in the human small intestine and the absorption of _______s from the soil into plant roots.

A

nutrients; minerals

53
Q

___________ is the uptake of large particles into cells by packaging the particles into vacuoles formed from the cell membrane.

A

Phagocytosis

54
Q

During phagocytosis, foot-like extensions of cytoplasm called ___________ are formed to surround the particle to be taken in.

A

pseudopodia (偽足)

55
Q

During phagocytosis, the large paricles is broken down in vacuoles with the help of the _______s, and hence be absorbed into the _________.

A

emzymes; cytoplasm

56
Q

Phagocytosis allows some _________ organisms to engulf food particles for nutrition.

A

unicellular

57
Q

Phagocytosis allows certain { red / white } blood cells in humans to engulf harmful ____________s for body defense against diseases.

A

white; microoganisms

58
Q 
Active or passive?
Diffusion: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Osmosis: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Active transoprt: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Phagocytosis: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

passive; passive; active; active

59
Q 
Energy needed?
Diffusion: { Yes / No }
Osmosis: { Yes / No }
Active transoprt: { Yes / No }
Phagocytosis: { Yes / No }
A

No; No; Yes; Yes

Biology (9 decks)

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