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NEUR333 - Neurobilogy 2 > Topic 1: Chemical Control of Brain and Behaviour > Flashcards

Topic 1: Chemical Control of Brain and Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

List the three functional zones of the hypothalamus.

A

Lateral, medial, periventricular

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2
Q

Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus located?

A

The paraventricular zone of the hypothalamus

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3
Q

The magnocellular neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus project to _______?

A

The posterior lobe of the pituitary

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4
Q

List three functions of oxytocin

A

Social bonding, uterine contractions, lactation

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5
Q

Which cells communicate with the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland via the bloodstream?

A

Parvocellular neurosecretory cells in the periventricular zone of the hypothalamus

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6
Q

Which pituitary lobe produces FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH, GH and prolactin?

A

The anterior pituitary

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7
Q

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the autonomic nervous system?
A. It is controlled by the periventricular zone of the hypothalamus.
B. It commands every innervated tissue and organ in the body.
C. Cell bodies of lower motor neurons lay outside the CNS.
D. It has parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions

A

B. It commands every innervated tissue and organ in the body (CORRECTION: Except skeletal muscle)

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8
Q

Which of the following options best describes the difference between the diffuse modulatory neurotransmitter systems and point-to-point synaptic communication systems of the brain? Select one:

A. the diffuse modulatory neurotransmitter systems use glutamate as their neurotransmitter, while the point-to-point synaptic communication systems use monoamines

B. neurotransmitters of the diffuse modulatory systems act on ionotropic receptors, while the point-to-point synaptic communication systems utilise only G-protein coupled receptors

C. the diffuse modulatory neurotransmitter systems originate from neurons located in the spinal cord, whereas the point-to-point synaptic communication systems arise from neurons located in the cerebral cortex

D. axons of the diffuse modulatory neurotransmitter systems axons make genuine synaptic junctions with cortical neurons while in the point-to-point synaptic communication systems neurotransmitters act mainly on extrajunctional receptors

E. in the diffuse modulatory neurotransmitter systems a single neuron may release neurotransmitter from a vast number of axonal varicosities, while in the point-to-point synaptic communication system axons form a smaller number of discrete synaptic junctions with postsynaptic neurons

A

E. in the diffuse modulatory neurotransmitter systems a single neuron may release neurotransmitter from a vast number of axonal varicosities, while in the point-to-point synaptic communication system axons form a smaller number of discrete synaptic junctions with postsynaptic neurons

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9
Q

Which of the following statements about the locus coeruleus nucleus is most correct?

Select one:

A. neurons of the locus coeruleus use dopamine as their neurotransmitter

B. neurons of the locus coeruleus use serotonin as their neurotransmitter

C. neurons of the locus coeruleus use acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter

D. neurons of the locus coeruleus use noradrenalin as their neurotransmitter

E. the locus coeruleus is located in the basal nuclei of the cerebrum

A

D. neurons of the locus coeruleus use noradrenalin as their neurotransmitter

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10
Q

Which of the following statements concerning the action of the stimulant drugs cocaine and amphetamine is most correct? Select one:

A. They exert their effects mainly by increasing the release of dopamine from neurons of the ventral tegmental area of the midbrain

B. They exert their effects mainly by increasing the release of acetylcholine from neurons of the basal forebrain

C. They exert their effects mainly by increasing the release of acetylcholine from neurons of the pontine reticular formation

D. They exert their effects mainly by increasing the release of dopamine from neurons of the nigro-striatal pathway

E. They exert their effects mainly by increasing the release of serotonin from neurons of the raphe nuclei

A

A. They exert their effects mainly by increasing the release of dopamine from neurons of the ventral tegmental area of the midbrain

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11
Q

Which of the following have an expanded influence in space and time? (Select all that apply)

A. Secretory hypothalamus
B. Synaptic connections
C. Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
D. Diffuse modulatory systems

A

A. Secretory hypothalamus
C. Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
D. Diffuse modulatory systems

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12
Q

The hypothalamus controls a large number of body functions and is critical to the maintenance of homeostasis. List its six main functions.

A
  1. Control of the autonomic nervous system
  2. Production of hormones
  3. Regulation of emotional and behavioural responses
  4. Regulation of eating and drinking behaviour
  5. Control of body temperature
  6. Regulation of circadian rhythms and states of consciousness
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13
Q

Which of the following is NOT a role of oxytocin?

A. Lactation
B. Regulates blood volume and salt concentration
C. Social bonding
D. Uterine contractions

A

B. Regulates blood volume and salt concentration (vasopressin/ADH)

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14
Q

Which of the following is a characteristic of the magnocellular secretory cells of the hypothalamus?

A. Moderate FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH, GH and prolactin
B. Secrete hypophysiotrophic hormones into hypothalamo-pituitary portal circulation
C. Extend into the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
D. They are the smallest cells of the hypothalamus

A

C. Extend into the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
Corrections: magnocellular are the largest hypothalamic neurosecretory cells

A and B apply to parvocellular neurosecretory cells

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15
Q

For the following, state whether it is a characteristic of the sympathetic or parasympathetic branch (or both) of the autonomic nervous system.

A. Short preganglionic fibers
B. Controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and gland cells
C. Preganglionic fibers emerge from the middle third of the spinal cord (thoracic and lumbar)
D. Ganglion are located on or next to target organs
E. Preganglionic nuclei are located in the intermediolateral grey matter of the spinal cord
F. Short postganglionic fibers
G. Pregranglionic fibers emerge from the brain stem and lowest spine segments (sacral)
H. Preganglionic nuclei are located in the brainstem nuclei and lower spinal cord.

A 
A. Sympathetic 
B. Both 
C. Sympathetic 
D. Parasympathetic 
E. Sympathetic 
F. Parasympathetic 
G. Parasympathetic 
H. Parasympathetic
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16
Q

Protein breakdown, glucose formation, triglyceride breakdown, resistance to stressors, anti-inflammatory effects and depression of immune responses are effects of which hormone?

A

cortisol

17
Q

What is the primary neurotransmitter of the ANS?

A

ACh.

18
Q

Which of the following is NOT true of the enteric division?

A. It is located in the lining of kidney, liver, muscles of mastication, lungs, and large intestines
B. It consists of Two complicated networks: myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus and submucous (Meissner’s) plexus
C. It controls physiological processes involved in transport, digestion of food
D. It receives input indirectly from brain via axons of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
E.

A

A. It is located in the lining of kidney, liver,
muscles of mastication, lungs, and large intestines

Correction:
It is located in the lining of esophagus, stomach,
intestines, pancreas, and gallbladder

19
Q

How is the anterior pituitary gland different to the anterior pituitary gland?

A

The anterior is an actual gland. It produces FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH, GH and prolactin, while the posterior produces oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH).
The posterior lobe is controlled by the magnocellular neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus, which release neurohormones into the capillaries of the posterior lobe, while the anterior lobe is controlled by the parvocellular neurosecretory cells in portal circulation.

20
Q

High levels of cortisol:

A. Decreases cellular immunity and increase humoral immunity
B. Increases cellular immunity and increases humoral immunity
C. Decreases cellular immunity and decreases humoral immunity
D. Increases cellular immunity and decreases humoral immunity

A

A. Decreases cellular immunity and increases humoral immunity

21
Q

What is the function of the solitary nucleus?

A

Integrates sensory information from internal
organs and coordinates output to autonomic
brain stem nuclei

22
Q

List the four common principles of the diffuse modulatory systems.

A 
• Small set of neurons at core
• Arise from brain stem
• One neuron influences many others
• Synapses release transmitter molecules into
extracellular fluid
23
Q

Which of the following regulates attention, arousal,
sleep-wake cycles, learning and memory, anxiety and pain, mood, brain metabolism?

A. Noradrenergic Locus Coeruleus
B. Serotonergic Raphe Nuclei
C. Dopaminergic Substantia Nigra and Ventral tegmental Area
D. Cholinergic Basal Forebrain and Brain Stem Complexes

A

A. Noradrenergic Locus Coeruleus

24
Q

Which of the following are an effect of cortisol on the immune system? (Select all that apply)

A. Decreased T-Helper 1
B. Decreased T-Helper 2
C. Decreased cellular immunity
D. Increased humoral immunity

A

A. Decreased T-Helper 1
C. Decreased cellular immunity
D. Increased humoral immunity

Corrections:
Increases T-Helper 2

25
Q

State the difference between allothetic and idiothetic navigation?

A

• Allothetic – location of the subject with respect
to external landmarks
• Idiothetic – monitoring the subject’s self-motion
by means of integration of kinesthetic signals.

26
Q

How does cocaine exert its effects on the nervous system?

A

– Cocaine targets DA reuptake, allowing DA to remain in the synaptic cleft for longer

27
Q

The noradrenergic locus coeruleus innervates:

A. the striatum 
B. Basal forebrain complex
C. Hippocampus and cerebellum 
D. cerebral cortex,
thalamus, hypothalamus, olfactory bulb, cerebellum, midbrain, spinal cord
A

D. cerebral cortex,

thalamus, hypothalamus, olfactory bulb, cerebellum, midbrain, spinal cord

28
Q

List the four diffuse modulatory systems.

A
  • Noradrenergic Locus Coeruleus
  • Serotonergic Raphe Nuclei
  • Dopaminergic Substantia Nigra and Ventral tegmental Area
  • Cholinergic Basal Forebrain and Brain Stem Complexes
29
Q

Which of the following facilitates the initiation of voluntary movements?

A. Noradrenergic Locus Coeruleus
B. Serotonergic Raphe Nuclei
C. Dopaminergic Substantia Nigra and Ventral tegmental Area
D. Cholinergic Basal Forebrain and Brain Stem Complexes

A

C. Dopaminergic Substantia Nigra and Ventral tegmental Area

30
Q

Which of the following is NOT correct regarding the cholinergic system?

A. It participates in learning and memory
B. It regulates excitability of
thalamic sensory relay nuclei
C. It releases ACh
D. There are two major cholinergic systems: the basal forebrain complex, and the pontomesencephalotegmental complex
E. It projects into the cerebellum

A

E. It projects into the cerebellum

Corrections: Projects in the cerebral cortex, including the hippocampus (basal forebrain complex) and the thalamus and parts of the forebrain (the pontomesencephalotegmental complex)

NEUR333 - Neurobilogy 2 (11 decks)

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