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Animal Body 1 > Thorax > Flashcards

Thorax Flashcards

1
Q

What are the cranial and caudal borders of the thorax?

A

thoracic inlet (cranial) diaphragm (caudal)

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2
Q

What is a serous membrane made of?

A

mesothelium (simple squamous) with basement membrane & underlying connective tissue

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3
Q

What is the function of serous membranes?

A

to secrete small volumes of serous fluid for lubrication between organs & body wall

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4
Q

True/False Serous membranes contain organs

A

False only small amount of serous fluids, otherwise empty

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5
Q

Characteristics of serous membranes

A

continuous thin translucent

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6
Q

Name the serous membranes throughout the body

A

pleura (thoracic) (2 of them)

pericardium (around the heart)

peritoneum (abdomen)

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7
Q

List the regional names of the pleura.

A

parietal membrane

visceral membrane

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8
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

the space between the pleural membranes

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9
Q

Draw & label a schematic of the pleural cavities. (transverse)

A
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10
Q

List the main arteries branching from the aorta.

A
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11
Q

Which arteries supply the heart?

A

L&R coronary arteries

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12
Q

List the arteries in the brachiocephalic trunk & what they supply.

A

L&R caroted arteries - supply the head

R subclavian artery - supplies forelimb, neck, cervicothoracic region

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13
Q

What are the intercostal arteries?

A

9 paired (L&R) branches of blood vessels between the ribs

branch off the aorta

supply intercostal muscles

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14
Q

Explain the progression of the subclavian artery.

A

L originates at the aorta

R originates at the brachiocephalic trunk

each has 4 branches

after branches runs into the axillary arteries

axillary arteries supply the forelimbs

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15
Q

List the main veins of the thorax & where they come from.

A

cranial vena cava - head, neck, forelimbs

caudal vena cava - abdominal, pelvic, hindlimbs

azygous vein - intercostal spaces & lumbar

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16
Q

What tributaries form the cranial vena cava? In order from cranial to caudal

A

external & internal jugular veins

subclavian veins

brachiocephalic veins

cranial vena cava

17
Q

How would you view the azygous vein most easily?

A

R side of mediastinum

dorsal to descending thoracic aorta

drains into cranial vena cava OR R atrium directly

18
Q

True/False

The azygous vein is paired

A

False

only one, only R side

19
Q

Which vein has a fold of mediastinal pleura?

A

caudal vena cava

20
Q

Draw & label a schematic of the main thoracic veins.

A
21
Q

Draw & label a schematic of the main thoracic arteries.

A
22
Q

List the lobes of the lungs.

A

L: cranial (has cranial & caudal parts) & caudal lobes

R: cranial, middle, diphragmatic, accessory lobes

23
Q

What is the cardiac notch?

Why is it clinically significant?

A

where the heart is not overlain with lung tissue

best place to listen to the heart

24
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

skeletal muscle with tendonous centre

cranially-domed air tight partition between thorax & abdomen

covered in parietal pleural & parietal peritoneum

25
Q

List attachment sites of the diaphragm.

A

sternal - dorsal surface of sternum cranially to xyphoid

costal - medial surface of ribs 8-13

lumbar - L&R crura at ventral region of 3&4th lumbar vertebrae

26
Q

What innervates the diaphragm?

A

L& R phrenic nerves (come from cervical spinal nerves 5-7)

27
Q

List the foramina of the diaphragm & what passes through them.

A

aortic hiatus - aorta, azygous vein, thoracic duct, sympathetic trunk

oesophageal hiatus - oesophagus, dorsal & ventral vagal nerves

caval foramen - caudal vena cava

28
Q

Which muscles are involved in inspiraton?

A

diaphragm

scalenus

serratus dorsalis cranialis

external intercostal muscles

internal intercostal muscles (ventral interchondral)

29
Q

Explain the process of inspiration.

A

ribs move down, out, forewards - increases transverse diameter of thoracic cavity

diaphragm flattens - increases longitudinal diameter

serratus dorsalis cranialis controls rib lifting

increasing diameter causes increased volume, lungs expand, negative pressure draws air in

30
Q

Explain the processes of passive & active exhalation.

A

Passive: elastic recoil of lungs d/t elastic costovertebral ligmanets & durface tension in air passages

Active: internal intercostal muscles, serratus dorsalis caudalis, abdominal muscles (contract to re-dome diaphragm) - reduces negative pressure

31
Q

Describe arrangement of pleura surrounding pleural cavity.

A
32
Q

What is the costo-diaphragmatic recess?

What is the clinical significance?

A

.

33
Q

Draw & label a schematic of the pleural membranes (dorsal).

A
34
Q

What is the costodiaphragmatic recess?

A

region between line of pleural reflection & caudal border of lungs

lungs can expand here in disease or heavy exercise but not normally

35
Q

Draw & label a schematic of the pericardium.

A
36
Q

List the components of the parietal pericardium.

A

inner, smooth, serous

outer fibrous - continues to phrenicopericardial ligament & secures to diaphragm

37
Q

Draw & label a schematic of the thorax including major nerves & organs. (leave lungs out)

A

Animal Body 1 (20 decks)

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