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Pathology 2 > Hematopoiesis 1 and 2- Blood > Flashcards

Hematopoiesis 1 and 2- Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Define Hematopoiesis

A

The process of blood cell development

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2
Q

Hematopoietic Tissues (fetus, baby, adult)

A

Fetus—> Liver (primary), thymus, lymph nodes, and spleen. Baby –> entire marrow Adults –>Red Bone Marrow (of the humerus, femur, pelvis, skull, vertebrae and ribs)

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3
Q

What are the different formed elements?

A

RBCs, leukocytes, platelets

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4
Q

Blood volume is made up of:

A

RBCs: 41-53% in males 36-46% in females Leukocytes: <1% Plasma: 49-64%

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5
Q

Describe the characteristics of plasma

A

Plasma: 90% water 7% protein 0.9% inorganic ions the rest is nutrients, hormones, blood gases, etc.

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6
Q

Name major plasma proteins

A

albumin, globulins, fibrinogen and prothrombin

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7
Q

Define the term serum

A

The fluid portion of the blood obtained after the removal fibrin clot and blood cells.

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8
Q

What is the difference between plasma and serum?

A

serum does not contain clotting factors or platelets

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9
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Are mature RBCs

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10
Q

Macrocyte

A

Are large erythrocytes, larger than 9 mcm. Seen in cases of low folic acid.

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11
Q

Microcyte

A

A small, less than 6mcm, nonnucleated RBC. Seen in cases of low iron.

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12
Q

Reticulocyte

A

A young RBC; Usually about 1-2% of your RBCs; stain blue due to residual ribosomal RNA.

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13
Q

What is the concentration of RBC difference in males vs. females

A

males = 4.5-5.9x10^6 cells per microliter females = 4-5.2 x10^6 cells per microliter

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14
Q

What is the life span of a RBC?

A

120 days

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15
Q

What is the function of a RBC?

A

transport O2 through your body and to help remove CO2 from your body.

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16
Q

What are the two major types of leukocytes?

A

Granulocytes (polymorphonuclear) & Agranulocytes (mononuclear)

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17
Q

What are the different types of granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils, Esinophils, Basophils

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18
Q

Types of Agranulocytes?

A

Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Thombocytes (platelets)

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19
Q

what is the most abundant leukocute?

A

neutrophil

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20
Q

Characteristics of neutrophil

A

2x as big as RBC nuclei: 2-5 (usually 3 linked by chromatin) life span: SHORT (6-7 hrs in blood. 1-4 days in connective tissue)

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21
Q

Why can neutrophils survive in poorly oxygenated tissue?

A

Few mitochondria active glycolysis allows cell survival

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22
Q

Which leukocyte is the first leukocytes to extravasate in response to infection or injury

A

neutrophil

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23
Q

Leukocyte associated with allergic reactions and parasitic infections?

A

Eosinophils

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24
Q

Characteristics of eosinophil

A

same size as neutrophils nuclei: bilobed/trilobed; life span: 8-12 hours in blood, 8-12 days in tissue

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25
Q

Normal tissues eosinophils found in:

A

connective tissues underlying epitherlia of bronchi GI tract uterus vagina.

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26
Q

Least common leukocyte

A

basophils

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27
Q

Characteristics of basophils

A

IR lobed nucleus life span: 10-15 days in blood, few hours-days in tissues

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28
Q

Function of basophils

A

basophils bind IgE antibodies to acquire specificity for allergens. May serve as an antigen-presenting cell

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29
Q

most abundant agranulocyte

A

lymphocyte

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30
Q

type types of lymphocytes

A

T cells B cells NK cells

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31
Q

what does the size and morphology of leukocytes depend on

A

activation state

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32
Q

Where are B and T lymphocytes made?

A

T–>produced in bone marrow but leave and mature in the thymus B–>bone marrow

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33
Q

B cells associate with which type of immunity

A

humoral immune system (antibody response)

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34
Q

T cells associate with which type of immunity

A

cell mediated immunity/ B cell activation

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35
Q

Characteristics of Monocytes

A

large nucleus: kidney, horse or oval shaped life span: ~3 days in blood

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36
Q

function of NK cells

A

kill certain virus-infected cells and some tumor cells without the need for B or T cell specificity

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37
Q

Function of monocytes

A

in tissues= macrophages –> Precurser cell for Mononuclear phagocytotic system, macrophages, osteoclasts, kupffer cells (liver), some dendritic cell subsets, & microglia (CNS)

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38
Q

Function of macrophages and osteoclasts

A

Involved in innate and adaptive immune responses bacterial phagocytosis wound healing bone resorption debris removal

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39
Q

Monocyte derived cells include:

A

macrophages and osteoclasts.

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40
Q

Characteristics of platelets

A

small: 2-4um disk shape life span: ~10 days

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41
Q

function of platelets

A

involved in hemostasis and coagulation –>injuries to vessel walls cause platelets to form a plug and release products that induce clot formation

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42
Q

what are Cytoplasmic fragments derived from megakaryocytes?

A

Platelets

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43
Q

What does a neutrophil nucleus look like?

A

string of beads

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44
Q

eosinophil appearance in blood smear

A

nucleus: generally 2 lobes; cytoplasm= large red granules

45
Q

eosinophil appearance in blood smear

A

nucleus: generally 2 lobes cytoplasm= large red granules

46
Q

basophil appearance in blood smear

A

nucleus generally cannot be seen through dense, BLUE stained granules in cytoplasm

47
Q

monocyte appearance in blood smear

A

very LARGE cell; nucleus: kidney bean cytoplasm: pale, abundant

48
Q

leukocyte appearance in blood smear

A

large single round nucleus; little cytoplasm

49
Q

what is the relationship between leukocytes and connective tissue (CT)

A

leukocytes leave blood vessels and infiltrate connective tissues through intracellular junctions between endothelial cells via diapedesis (extravasation) when recruited

50
Q

the compartments a neutrophil passes through during maturation

A

1) medullary formation 2) medullary storage 3) marginating 4) circulating compartments

51
Q

phases of neutrophilopoiesis

A

myeloblast->promyelocyte->myelocyte->metamyelocyte->Band->Segment

52
Q

the origin and role of band neutrophils

A

need more neutrophils to fight infection and immature (band) cells released to help increase response

53
Q

function of eosinophil

A

PARASITES: body’s primary defense against parasites -help regulate vascular mediators released from mast cells –> prevents biochemical mediators from evoking more inflammation than is needed -mild phagocytic

54
Q

When are eosinophils elevated?

A

Parasitic infections Allergies Cholesterol emboli Chronic myeloid leukemia Asthma Some Drug interaction

55
Q

What is the mode of action of B cells vs T cells?

A

B–> Produce antibodies to circulate in the serum T –>Direct cell-to-cell contact or secreted soluble products (e.g.cytokines)

56
Q

purpose of B cell vs T cell

A

B –> EXTRACELLULAR: Primary defense against extracellular pathogens; extracellular bacteria, circulating virus T–> INTRACELLULAR: Primary defense against intracellular pathogens; viruses and fungi, intracellular bacteria (also tumor antigens and graft rejection

57
Q

What type of cells do B cells differentiate into?

A

B–> Memory B cell, plasma cell

58
Q

What is lymphoid

A

From lymph nodal, thymic and splenic tissue; commonly refers to B and T lymphocytes and natural killer cells.

59
Q

What is hematopoiesis

A

process of blood cell development and renewal

60
Q

Where is RBC made in 1st trimester? 2nd? After birth?

A

1st trimester =yolk sack 2nd trimester=liver and spleen (thymus, lymph) After birth= in red bone marrow. Some lymphocytes then travel to the thymus where they mature further.

61
Q

Decribe the process of hematopoiesis/ blood cell renewal:

A

Pluripotential cell –> myeloid mulipotential (marrow) or lymphoid multipotential (lymph) –> differentiation –> CELL!

62
Q

What is the difference in bone marrow from adults and infants?

A

infants- all RED marrow (hematopoietic cells); Adults: yellow (adipocytes) –> yellow is dynamic and can become red marrow if needed

63
Q

How does the body compensate if the marrow is compromised?

A

Extramedullary hematopoiesis –>if the marrow is compromised, the body compensates by making blood cells in the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes:

64
Q

What is myeloid

A

from the bone marrow; commonly refers to red blood cells ( rbc’s), granulocytes ( eosinophils, neutrophils and basophils), monocyte/ macrophages, and platelets.

65
Q

Precursor cell

A

-first to be recognized due to their specific morphologic characteristics -can’t self- renew -derived from progenitor cells

66
Q

Pluripotent stem cell

A

“true” stem cells that are able to make cells from all 3 basic body layers (ectoderm,mesoderm and endoderm –> can produce any cell, self-renew, create more copies of themselves

67
Q

Multi potential stem cell

A

true stem cells but can only differentiate into a limited number of types.

68
Q

As the cell matures, what happens to the characteristics of the cells?

A

cell size decreases nuclear size decreases chromatin condenses cytoplasm goes from basophilic (abundant RNA) to eosinophilic (abundant 
hemoglobin)

69
Q

stages of erythropoiesis

A
  1. Common myeloid progenitor cells in the hematopoietic cords of red bone marrow (CFU-GEMM, or multipotential myeloid ‘stem’ cells) differentiate to form erythrocyte-specific colony forming units (erythroid CFU-E, or pro-erythroblast cells). 2. Basophilic erythroblast 3. Polychromatophilic erythroblast 4.Orthochromatophilic erythroblast: cell no longer undergoes mitosis. 5. Reticulocyte: cell sheds nucleus entirely and leaves marrow 6. Erythrocyte: cell loses ribosomes; RBC in circulation.
70
Q

Describe how erythropoiesis is controlled

A

Erythropoietin –>regulates RBC production. It is made by the kidney in response to low 
oxygen levels, and stimulates the production of mRNA for globin, the protein component of hemoglobin

71
Q

Progenitor cell

A

early descendants of stem cells that can differentiate to form one or more kinds of cells, but cannot divide and reproduce indefinitely.

72
Q

Describe the process of platelet production

A

1) Megakaryoblast 2) Megakaryocyte (Multilobed nucleus, Numerous invaginations of the cytoplasm from demarcation membranes that define the area shedding platelets. Thrombopoiesis—Thrombopoietin is a regulatory factor for thrombopoiesis -Process extend into sinusoids [red bone marrow, active as main source of hematopoiesis by birth] –> platelets are shed directly into a sinusoid

73
Q

Colony forming cell

A

used to study the proliferation and differentiation pattern of hematopoietic progenitors by their ability to form colonies in a semisolid medium.

74
Q

Name the progenitor and precursor cells for platelets

A

pluripotential cell (CD34) –> multipotential myleoid stem cell (CFU-GEMM) –> Megakaryocyte (CFU-Meg) –> Megakaryoblast –> Megakaryocyte –> Platelets

75
Q

Name the progenitor and precursor cells for RBCs

A

pluripotential cell (CD34) –> multipotential myleoid stem cell (CFU-GMM) –> Erythroid CFU –> eryththroblast –> erythrocyte

76
Q

Where does lymphocyte production begin and end?

A

Begin: Bone marrow; End: Lymphoid Tissues

77
Q

Who has more RBCs, males or females?

A

Males

78
Q

immature neutrophil is called?

A

band

79
Q

precursor cell for neutrophils, basophils or eosinophils?

A

myleoblasts

80
Q

What is the primary defense for EXTRACELLULAR pathogens?

A

B cells

81
Q

What is the primary defense for INTRACELLULAR pathogens?

A

T cells

82
Q

What type of cell does T cells differentiate into?

A

T–> T regulatory cell, Cytotoxic T cell, Memory T Cell

83
Q

Precursor cell of B and T cells

A

lymphoblast

84
Q

Precursor cell of RBC

A

Erythroblast

85
Q

Precursor cell of Megakaryocyte

A

Megakaryoblast

86
Q

Precursor cell of Monocyte

A

monoblast

87
Q

Precursor cell of the granulocytes

A

Neutrophilic, Eosinophilic or Basophilic myelocyte

88
Q

How much of the TBW in a normal adult is blood?

A

7-8%

89
Q

Function of blood

A

transport regulate pH osmolality temperature coagulation

90
Q

What is the liquid extracellular component?

A

plasma

91
Q

What is the % volume of blood that is RBCs?

A

hematocrit

92
Q

What is the layer of WBCs and platelets?

A

Buffy Coat

93
Q

Blood is mostly composed of?

A

Plasma

94
Q

Plasma is mostly made up of?

A

water

95
Q

Immature RBC is called?

A

Reticulocyte

96
Q

When you see a RBC with no pale center?

A

Hereditary spherocytosis

97
Q

Two ways that WBC can leave and infiltrate the tissues?

A

1) Diapedesis 2) Extravasation

98
Q

T/F: all leukocytes have non-specific granules?

A

True= Azurophilic granules

99
Q

First WBC to extravasate in response to infection or injury?

A

Neutrophil

100
Q

Common lymphoid progenitor

A

CFU-L

101
Q

Common myeloid progenitor

A

CFU-GEMM

102
Q

Describe the effects of health, environment and growth factors on normal hematopoiesis

A

health: B12, Iron Environment: exposure to toxins, radiation, drugs Growth factors: circulating hormones provide feedback regulation

103
Q

Function of Basophils

A

Release histamine and other chemicals to promote inflammation

104
Q

Name the cell

A

Neutrophil

105
Q

Name the cell

A

Basophil

106
Q

What type of cell

A

Eosinophil

107
Q

Name the cell

A

Monocyte

108
Q

Name the cell

A

Lymphocyte

Pathology 2 (6 decks)

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