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PHSL 233 > L16 (renal) > Flashcards

L16 (renal) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the components of the urinary system

A

the kidney x2

ureter x2

bladder

urethra

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2
Q

what glands sits on top of the kidneys

A

the adrenal gland

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3
Q

what kind of structure are the kidneys

A

paired organs

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4
Q

how much do the kidneys weigh

A

150g each therefore they make up 0.5% of our body weight

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5
Q

what % of blood flow do the kidneys receive

A

25%

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6
Q

what are the functions of the kidneys (6 functions)

A

water homeostasis (main function)

Regulation of water and ion balance, body pH

Excretion of metabolic wastes

Excretion of foreign chemicals

Endocrine functions - calcitriol, erythropoietin (EPO), renin

Gluconeogenesis

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7
Q

how does the kidney achieve water homeostasis

A

This is achieved by filtering the blood and controlling what
substances and how much of these substances, along
with water are excreted from the body

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8
Q

what do the Endocrine functions of the kidney do

  • calcitriol,
  • erythropoietin (EPO),
  • renin
A

calcitriol = Metabolite of vitamin D, It is important for reptake of Ca

erythropoietin (EPO) = Stimulate formation of red blood cells from bone marrow

renin = cleaves angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1

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9
Q

how many L of plasma do the kidneys filter per day

A

180L

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10
Q

an adult human has 5L of blood. how much of this is plasma

A

3L

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11
Q

if we have 3L of plasma and the kidneys filter 180L of plasma per day. how many times does the plasma get filtered per day

A

60x

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12
Q

what % of the filtrate is reabsorbed and what % becomes urine

A

99% reabsorbed

1% urine

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13
Q

what are the major anatomical features of the kidneys

A

capsule

cortex - bit between capsule and pyramid

medulla - inbetween the pyramids

pyramid

nephron

minor calyx

major calyx

pelvis (when it leaves the kidney it becomes the ureter)

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14
Q

what supplies blood to the kidneys

A

the renal arteries

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15
Q

describe the structures that the renal arteries divide into

A

Renal artery branches until it forms the glomerular capillaries (afferent and efferent arterioles)

then it branches into the peritubular capillaries and then into the vasa recta which surround the nephron

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16
Q

which blood vessels surround the nephron

A

vasa recta

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17
Q

what takes the blood away from the kidneys

A

renal veins

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18
Q

which of the following is true

A. The kidney filters about 200 litres of plasma per
day.

B. The kidneys do not produce hormones.

C. The Urinary system has three ureters.

D. The kidneys excrete foreign chemicals

A

A should be 180L

B incorrect

C = 2 uresters

D is correct therefore D is the answer

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19
Q

what is the smallest functional unit of the kidney

A

the nephron

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20
Q

how many nephrons do we have in each kidney

how do these numbers decline

A

1.2 million but this number declines by 50% by the time we reach 60 years of age

21
Q

whata re the 2 types of nephrons

A

Superficial (Cortical)
nephrons (entire nephron in the cortex)

Juxtamedullary
nephrons (has a cortical region and a medullary region)

22
Q

what are the components of the nephron

A

Glomerulus

Bowman’s
capsule

Proximal tubule

Loop of Henle

Distal tubule

Collecting duct

23
Q

describe the vascular arrangement around the nephron

A

renal artery –> afferent arteriole –> glomerular capillaries (in bowman’s capsule) –> efferent arteriole –> peritubular capillaries –> vasa recta

24
Q

what are the 3 processes of the nephron (in order)

A

glomerular filtration

tubular secretion

tubular reabsorption

25
Q

what 3 processes can be ultered to change fluid loss/reabsorption

A

glomerular filtration

tubular secretion

tubular reabsorption

26
Q

which of these is false

A. The Nephron is the smallest functional unit of the kidney.

B. The afferent arteriole branches to make the
glomerulus.

C. Each kidney contains more that 1 million nephrons.

D. Reabsorption of material is from the blood to the lumen of the nephron.

A

D because it should say….

secretion of material is from the blood to the lumen of the nephron to be correct

27
Q

what is another name for glomerular filtration

A

ultrafiltration

28
Q

what is glomerular filtration (ultrafiltration)

A

Bulk flow of protein-free plasma into the Bowman’s space to form filtrate

29
Q

what does filtrate contain

A

The filtrate contains everything in plasma except RBC and proteins

30
Q

what is the first sign that you might have something wrong with the kidneys

A

Blood in the urine is the first sign that you have something wrong with your kidneys

31
Q

what structures make up the renal corpuscle

A

Glomerulus (capillaries) and bowman’s capsule

32
Q

describe the Glomerulus (capillaries)

A

Endothelium (capillary tuft) fenestrated with basement
membrane

can be described as a sieve action

33
Q

what is bowman’s capsule

A

it is the outer epithelium that covers the Glomerulus (capillaries)

34
Q

what does the bowman’s capsule contain

A

podocytes = inner epithelium

Pedicles = foot like processes

endothelium (of capillaries)

basement membrane

35
Q

how many solutes are freely filtered

A

<10,000 MW

36
Q

what is the Juxtermedualrs apperattis formed by

A

formed by the macula densa cells of the thick ascending limb

37
Q

what is the function of the Juxtermedualrs apperattis

A

its main function is to regulate blood pressure and the filtration rate of the glomerulus.

38
Q

what forms the filtration barrier

A

the endothelial cells of the glomerular

capillaries, the basement membrane and the podocytes

39
Q

what is the role of the fenestrated endothelium

A

Freely permeable to water, ions, and small solutes but

not cells

40
Q

what is the role of the basement membrane (for filtration barrier)

A

its matrix of negatively charged proteins therefore it acts as a charged-based filtration barrier to proteins

41
Q

what is the role of the podocytes

A

this is specialised epithelial cells of Bowman’s capsule

Gaps between foot processes (pedicels) form filtration barrier which prevents filtration of proteins and large macromolecules

42
Q

what is the role of pedicels

A

to increase the surface area of the filtration barrier

43
Q

what did Jonah Lomu die of

A

Nephrotic syndrome

44
Q

what is Nephrotic syndrome (Jonah Lomu)

A

Increased permeability of filtration barrier to proteins (mutation in the structure)

Increase in proteins excreted in urine (proteinuria, not normal!)

Inability to concentrate urine, low plasma proteins can lead to edema

45
Q

which of the following is false

A. The renal corpusle contains the glomerulus and the Bowman’s capsule.

B. Podocytes do not aid with filtration.

C. The basement membrane is negatively charged
to assist filtration.

D. Jonah Lomu died from nephrotic syndrome.

A

B

46
Q

what are the glomerular ultrafiltration pressures

A

Ultrafiltration at the glomerulus is similar to
ultrafiltration seen across tissue capillaries

Hydrostatic pressures (forces)
- Blood pressure, this has a big effect on filtration

Oncotic (~osmotic) pressures (forces)
- These are the things that are found in the blood

47
Q

what pressure favors filtration

A

Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure (PGC) (Blood pressure)

48
Q

what pressures oppose filtration

A

Hydrostatic pressure – Bowman’s space (PBS)
- as you move more fluid into this space then you increase the hydrostatic pressure

Oncotic pressure* due to proteins in the glomerular capillary (π GC)

49
Q

Osmotic pressure in bowman’s capsules should always be……

A

0mmHg

because if it was more then there would be proteins in in

PHSL 233 (31 decks)

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