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M - Y1 Anatomy (Liam Lennox) > Thorax 2 (Cardiovascular System) - part 1 > Flashcards

Thorax 2 (Cardiovascular System) - part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Vaugly, what does the mediastinum contain?

A

Contents of the thorax other than the lungs and their covering pleurae

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2
Q

What are the sections of the mediastinum?

A

Superior

Inferior (further divided)

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3
Q

What is the inferior mediastinum further divided into?

A

Anterior

Middle

Posterior

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4
Q

What is A?

A

Pericardial cavity

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5
Q

What is B?

A

Pleural cavity

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6
Q

What is C?

A

Pleura

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7
Q

What is D?

A

Spinal cord

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8
Q

What is E?

A

Right lung

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9
Q

What is F?

A

Mediastinum

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10
Q

What is G?

A

Heart

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11
Q

What is H?

A

Left lung

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12
Q

What is A?

A

Superior mediastinum

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13
Q

What is B?

A

Inferior mediastinum

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14
Q

What is C?

A

Sternal angle

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15
Q

What bone forms the anterior border of the mediastinum?

A

Manubrium

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16
Q

What vertebrae form the posterior border of the superior mediastinum?

A

T1 - T4

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17
Q

What plane seperates the superior from the inferior mediastinum?

A

Transverse

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18
Q

What are some structures found in the superior mediastinum?

A

Arteries (aortic arch, brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery)

Veins (brachiocephalic vein, superior vena cava)

Nerves (vagus nerve, phrenic nerve)

Trachea

Oesophagus

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19
Q

Picture is the inferior mediastinum, what is A?

A

Middle mediastinum

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20
Q

Picture is the inferior mediastinum, what is B?

A

Posterior mediastinum

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21
Q

Picture is the inferior mediastinum, what is C?

A

Anterior mediastinum

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22
Q

Where in the mediastinum is the thymus found?

A

Anterior

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23
Q

Where in the mediastinum is the heart, pericardium and great vessels found?

A

Middle

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24
Q

Where in the mediastinum is the descending aorta found?

A

Posterior

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25
Q

Where in the mediastinum is the oesophagus found?

A

Posterior

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26
Q

Where in the mediastinum is the thoracic duct found?

A

Posterior

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27
Q

Where in the mediasinum is the azygos vein found?

A

Posterior

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28
Q

Where in the mediastinum is the sympathetic chain found?

A

Posterior

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29
Q

What is the difference between the pericardium, and the pleura and the peritoneum?

A

Pericardium has an outermost dense fibrous connective tissue layer - the fibrous pericardium

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30
Q

The picture shows the pericardium, what is A?

A

Endocardium

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31
Q

The picture shows the pericardium, what is B?

A

Myocardium

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32
Q

The picture shows the pericardium, what is C?

A

Pericardial cavity

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33
Q

The picture shows the pericardium, what is D?

A

Fibrous pericardium

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34
Q

The picture shows the pericardium, what is E?

A

Parietal layer of serous pericardium

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35
Q

What is F?

A

Epicardium (visceral layer of serous pericardium)

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36
Q

What is the epicardium also known as?

A

Visceral layer of serous pericardium

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37
Q

What are the 3 layers of the pericardium from superficial to deep?

A

Fibrious pericardium

Parietal pericardium

Visceral pericardium (epicardium)

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38
Q

Between what 2 layers of the pericardium does the pericardial cavity lie?

A

Parietal layer and visceral layer

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39
Q

What is the endocardium composed of?

A

Simple square endothelium

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40
Q

What is the myocardium composed of?

A

Cardiac muscle

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41
Q

What is the epicardium composed of?

A

Simple square epithelium

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42
Q

What layer belongs both to the heart wall and the serous pericardium?

A

Epicardium

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43
Q

Which layer of the serous pericardium is inseperably attached to the inner aspect of the fibrous pericardium?

A

Parietal layer

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44
Q

What protective role is furfilled by the fibrous pericardium?

A

Prevents overfilling

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45
Q

Explain the innervation of the pericardium?

A

Visceral pericardium - autonomic from T-T4 and vagus nerve via the cardiac plexus

Parietal and fibrous pericardium - phrenic nerve

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46
Q

What part of the pericardium does the vagus nerve and T1-T4 nerves innervate?

A

Visceral pericardium

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47
Q

What part of the pericardium does the phrenic nerve innervate?

A

Parietal and fibrous pericardium

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48
Q

Which layer of the pericardium is innervated by pain fibres?

A

Fibrous and parietal pericardium

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49
Q

What role do the auricles have in a heart?

A

Direct blood to the atrial ventricular gap

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50
Q

What is A?

A

Left atrium

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51
Q

What is B?

A

Right atrium

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52
Q

What is C?

A

Left ventricle

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53
Q

What is D?

A

Right ventricle

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54
Q

What organ is the left atrium anterior to?

A

Oesophagus

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55
Q

What is the shape of the heart?

A

Pyramidal

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56
Q

What chamber of the heart forms the apex?

A

Left ventricle

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57
Q

What chamber of the heart forms the base?

A

Left atrium

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58
Q

What is A?

A

Opening for superior vena cava

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59
Q

What is B?

A

Interatrial septum

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60
Q

What is C?

A

Fossa ovalis

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61
Q

What is D?

A

Opening for coronary sinus

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62
Q

What is E?

A

Opening for inferior vena cava

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63
Q

What is F?

A

Tricuspid valve

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64
Q

What is G?

A

Crista terminalis

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65
Q

What is H?

A

Musculi pectinati

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66
Q

What is I?

A

Left auricle

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67
Q

What is the fossa ovalis a remnant of?

A

Foramen ovale in the foetus

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68
Q

The fossa ovalis is a remnant of the foramen ovale in the foetus, what function did this have?

A

Shunt the blood from the right atrium to the left to pass the lungs

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69
Q

What is A?

A
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70
Q

What is B?

A
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71
Q

What is C?

A
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72
Q

What is D?

A
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73
Q

What is E?

A
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74
Q

What is F?

A
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75
Q

What is G?

A
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76
Q

What is the function of the moderator band?

A

Strengthen and prevent overballooning

Carries primary conductor band with right bundle of his (goes across chamber to cut conduction time)

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77
Q

Is the right ventricle wall or left thicker?

A

The left is thicker by 3x

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78
Q

Why is the left ventricle wall 3x thicker than the right?

A

It has to pump blood to the systemic circulation, not just the pulmonary

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79
Q

How many cusps make up the tricuspid valve?

A

3

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80
Q

How many papillary muscles are found in the right ventricle?

A

3

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81
Q

What is A?

A

Superior pulmonary vein

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82
Q

What is B?

A

Inferior pulmonary vein

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83
Q

What is C?

A

Left atrium

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84
Q

What valve guards entry from the left atrium into the left ventricle?

A

Mitral valve

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85
Q

How many cusps are present in the mitral valve?

A

2

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86
Q

How many papillary muscles are found in the left ventricle?

A

2

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87
Q

What is the function of the papillary muscles?

A

Stop valve failure

Produce tension

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88
Q

What is the function of the chordae tendineae?

A

Stop valve failure

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89
Q

What supplies the heart wall with blood?

A

Left and right coronary arteries and their anastomosing branches

90
Q

How is blood drained from the heart wall?

A

Cardiac veins almost entirely to the coronary sinus

91
Q

What is the coronary sinus?

A

Wide venous channel on the posterior surface of the heart

92
Q

Where does the coronary sinus drain into?

A

Right atrium

93
Q

Where do the coronary arteries and cardiac veins lie?

A

Together in both the atrioventricular sulcus adn the interventricular sulci of the heart wall

94
Q

What is A?

A

Atrioventricular sulcus

95
Q

What is B?

A

Interventricular sulcus

96
Q

What is 1?

A

Aortic arch

97
Q

What is 2?

A

Right coronary artery

98
Q

What is 3?

A

Left anterior descending artery

99
Q

What is 4?

A

Circumflex artery

100
Q

What is 5?

A

Left coronary artery

101
Q

What is 6?

A

Posterior interventricular artery

102
Q

What does the left coronary artery branch into?

A

Left anterior descending artery

Circumflex artery

103
Q

From which part of the aorta do the coronary arteries arise?

A

Ascending aorta

104
Q

What pair of coronary arteries anastomose in the coronary sulcus?

A

Right and left coronary arteries

105
Q

What pair of coronary arteries anastomose in the interventricular sulcus?

A

Left anterior descending and posterior interventricular artery

106
Q

What does the right coronary artery branch into?

A

Right marginal artery

Right posterior descending artery

107
Q

What does the circumflex artery branch into?

A

Left marginal artery

Circumflex artery (continues)

108
Q

Where are the coronary arteries initially distributed?

A

Embedded within the epicardium, then piercing the myocardium and giving off branches that surround each cardiac muscle cell

109
Q

What are the origins in the ascending aorta for the coronary arteries called?

A

Right and left aortic sinuses

110
Q

What is A?

A

Opening for right coronary artery

111
Q

What is B?

A

Aortic sinus

112
Q

What is C?

A

Nodule

113
Q

What is D?

A

Lunule

114
Q

What is E?

A

Left coronary artery

115
Q

What is F?

A

Left semilunar cusp

116
Q

What is G?

A

Posterior semilunar cusp

117
Q

What is H?

A

Right semilunar cusp

118
Q

What is I?

A

Right coronary artery

119
Q

What is A?

A

Anterior cardiac veins

120
Q

What is B?

A

Coronary sinus

121
Q

What is C?

A

Small cardiac vein

122
Q

What is D?

A

Middle cardiac vein

123
Q

What is E?

A

Oblique vein of left atrium

124
Q

What is F?

A

Great cardiac vein

125
Q

What is A?

A

Right coronary artery

126
Q

What is B?

A

Posterior interventricular artery

127
Q

What is C?

A

Right marginal artery

128
Q

What is D?

A

Anterior interventricular artery

129
Q

What is E?

A

Circumflex artery

130
Q

What is F?

A

Left coronary artery

131
Q

What does the anterior interventricular artery supply blood to?

A

Interventricular septum and anterior walls of both ventricles

132
Q

What does the circumflex artery supply blood to?

A

Left atrium and posterior walls of the left ventricle

133
Q

What does the right marginal artery supply blood to?

A

Lateral right side of heart (including right atrium)

134
Q

What does the posterior interventricular artery supply blood to?

A

Posterior right ventricle walls

135
Q

Where does the great cardiac vein lie?

A

Alongside the left anterior descending artery in the anterior interventricular groove

136
Q

here does the middle cardiac vein lie?

A

Alongside the posterior descending artery in the posterior interventricular groove

137
Q

Where does the small cardiac vein lie?

A

Alongside the right marginal artery near the righ inferior margin of the heart

138
Q

Where does the coronary sinus lie?

A

Alongside the circumflex artery in the coronary sulcus on the posterior surface of the heart

139
Q

Where does the coronary sinus drain directly into?

A

Right atrium

140
Q

What are venae cordis minimae?

A

Small veins which drain the heart wall directly into each chamber of the heart

141
Q

What are small veins which drain the heart wall directly into each chamber of the heart called?

A

Venae cordis minimae

142
Q

What is A?

A

Aortic arch

143
Q

What is B?

A

Ascending aorta

144
Q

What is C?

A

Common iliac arteries

145
Q

What is D?

A

Abdominal aorta

146
Q

What is E?

A

Descending aorta

147
Q

What is F?

A

Thoracic aorta

148
Q

What vertebrae level does the beginning and termination of the aortic arch occur?

A

T4

149
Q

What vertebrae level does the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta occur?

A

L4

150
Q

What vertebrae level does the bifurcation of the common iliac arteries occur?

A

L5

151
Q

What branches occur from the ascending aorta?

A

Right coronary artery

Left coronary artery

152
Q

What branches occur from the aortic arch?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk

Left common carotid artery

Left subclavian artery

153
Q

What is A?

A

Oesophagus

154
Q

What is B?

A

Trachea

155
Q

What is C?

A

Aorta

156
Q

What is D?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk

157
Q

What is E?

A

Left common carotid artery

158
Q

What is F?

A

Left subclavian artery

159
Q

What branches from the descending thoracic aorta?

A

Posterior intercostal arteries (only identifiable ones on wet specimen)

Bronchial arteries

Oesophageal arteries

Pericardial arteries

160
Q

What is A?

A

Right bronchial artery

161
Q

What is B?

A

Posterior intercostal arteries

162
Q

What is D?

A

Oesophageal arteries

163
Q

What is E?

A

Mediastinal branches

164
Q

What is F?

A

Left bronchial artery

165
Q

How do the arteries, veins and nerves supplying the chest wall occur?

A

Segmentally for each intercostal space being supplied in the form of a neurovascular bundle running anteriorly along the space

166
Q

Where do the vessels of the neurovascular bundle arise from, or drain to?

A

Larger vessels that run vertically along the anterior and posterior chest wall

167
Q

What chest wall arteries arise from the descending thoracic aorta?

A

Posterior intercostal arteries

168
Q

What chest wall arteries arise from internal thoracic (mammary) artery?

A

Anterior intercostal arteries

169
Q

What artery gives origin to the internal thoracic artery?

A

Subclavian arteries

170
Q

Where does the internal thoracic artery lie?

A

Parasternally, being accompanied by the internal thoracic veins

171
Q

Where do the anterior intercostal veins drain to?

A

Internal thoracic veins

172
Q

What do the branches of the internal thoracic arteries supply?

A

Anterior intercostal arteries

Fibrous pericardium

Parietal pleura

Diaphragm

173
Q

What is A?

A

Perforating branches

174
Q

What is B?

A

Superior epigastric artery

175
Q

What is C?

A

Musculophrenic artery

176
Q

What is D?

A

Anterior intercostal arteries

177
Q

What is E?

A

Pericardiacphrenic artery

178
Q

What is F?

A

Subclavian artery

179
Q

What do the arteries that arise from the abdominal aorta supply?

A

Diaphragm

Adrenals

Kidneys

Gonads

Gut tube

180
Q

At what vertebral level do the common iliac arteries arise?

A

L4

181
Q

At what vertebral levels do the external iliac arteries arise?

A

L5

182
Q

At what vertebral level do the internal iliac arteries arise?

A

L5

183
Q

What do the iliac arteries lie in?

A

Iliac fossae

184
Q

What does the external iliac arteries go onto become?

A

Femoral artery

185
Q

What are the common iliac arteries the terminal branches of?

A

Descending aorta

186
Q

What are the external iliac arteries the terminal branches of?

A

Common iliac arteries

187
Q

What does the internal iliac arteries supply?

A

Pelvic viscera

188
Q

What are the internal iliac arteries the terminal branch of?

A

Common iliac arteries

189
Q

What is A?

A

Right common iliac artery

190
Q

What is B?

A

Right external iliac artery

191
Q

What is C?

A

Right femoral artery

192
Q

What is D?

A

Right internal iliac artery

193
Q

Arteries have branches, what do veins have?

A

Tributaries

194
Q

What are the great arteries leaving the heart?

A

Aorta

Pulmonary trunk

195
Q

What are the great veins entering the heart?

A

Superior and inferior vena cava

196
Q

Where does the superior vena cava (SVC) drain blood from?

A

Hear

Neck

Upper limbs

197
Q

Where does the inferior vena cava (IVC) drain blood from?

A

Abdominal and pelvic cavities

Lower limbs

198
Q

What drains the intercostal veins to the left and right brachiocephalic veins?

A

Internal thoracic (mammary) vein

199
Q

Where does the internal thoracic (mammary) vein drain from and to?

A

Drains the anterior intercostal veins to the left and right brachiocephalic veins

200
Q

What is A?

A

Superior vena cava

201
Q

What is B?

A

Phrenic nerve

202
Q

What is C?

A

Phrenic nerve

203
Q

What is D?

A

Pulmonary trunk

204
Q

What is E?

A

Aorta

205
Q

What are the tributaries of the superior vena cava?

A

Left and right brachiocephalic veins

Azygos vein

206
Q

What are tributaries of the inferior vena cava?

A

Left and right common iliac veins

207
Q

What is A?

A

Right brachiocephalic vein

208
Q

What is B?

A

Superior vena cava

209
Q

What is C?

A

Left and right common iliac veins

210
Q

What is D?

A

Inferior vena cava

211
Q

What is E?

A

Lef brachiocephalic vein

212
Q

What drains blood from the posterior intercostal veins to the superior vena cava?

A

Azygos venous system

213
Q

Where does the azygos venous system drain blood from and to?

A

Drains blood from the posterior intercostal veins to the superior vena cava

214
Q

What does drainage of the posterior chest wall consist of?

A

Azygos veinous system on the right side

Hemiazygos veinous system on the left side

215
Q

Where does the hemoazygos vein drain into?

A

Azygos vein by crossing from left to right at T8/T9

216
Q

Where does the hemiazygos vein cross the median line from left to right?

A

T8/T9

217
Q

Into which vein does the azygos vein drain into?

A

Superior vena cava

218
Q

Which chest wall veins are drained by the azygos and hemiazygos venous systems?

A

Posterior intercostal veins

219
Q

Where does the azygos vein drain into?

A

Right subclavian vein

220
Q

What is A?

A

Azygos vein

221
Q

What is B?

A

Hemiazygos vein

M - Y1 Anatomy (Liam Lennox) (15 decks)

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