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PMCOL 305 > 1 - Intro > Flashcards

1 - Intro Flashcards

1
Q

premises in drugs of abuse

A
  • drugs are not good or bad
  • every drug is pleiotropic therefore it affects more than 1 characteristic in the body
  • drug effects depend on the amount of drug taken, the history, and expectation
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2
Q

drug schedules

A

drugs are sorted into five categories based on their abuse and dependancy potential

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3
Q

schedule 1 Drugs

A
  • heroin, methamphetamine, morphine
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4
Q

schedule 2 Drugs

A
  • nabilone, parahexyl, indole/pyrrole alkaloids
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5
Q

schedule 3 Drugs

A
  • LSD, psilocybin, mescaline
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6
Q

schedule 4 Drugs

A
  • barbiturates, benzos, catha edulis
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7
Q

schedule 5 Drugs

A
  • propylhexedrine, pyrovalerone
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8
Q

schedule 6-10 Drugs

A
  • precursors and solvents

- acetone, ether, lysergic acid, pseudoephedrine

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9
Q

sociopolitical anti-drug landscape changes

A
  • war on drugs appear to be easing due legalization (including global legalization of narcotics)
  • drug use is increasing across the globe
  • poor and rich families are both vulnerable to addiction
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10
Q

addiction

A
  • most pervasive form of dependence
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11
Q

5 C’s for addiction

A

Continued Compulsive Consequential out of Control use and Craving

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12
Q

how many points in criteria is needed for someone to be diagnosed as addicted?

A

2

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13
Q

pharmalogical concepts in drugs of abuse

A
  1. ADME
  2. cellular actions of drugs and neurotransmission
  3. acute and chronic effects in the CNS and periphery
  4. addiction effects (behaviour of individual and its social impacts)
  5. common characteristics of drugs of abuse (psychoactive)
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14
Q

ADME

A

Absorption (ingestion, inhalation, injection, insufflation)
Distribution (bioavailability, storage in the body)
Metabolism (through liver, kidney, spleen)
Excretion (through kidney, intestines, sweat glands, lungs)

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15
Q

drug-receptor interactions

A

without drug-receptor interactions, there’s no effect on the body

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16
Q

neurotransmission

A
  1. storage of neurotransmitter
  2. action potential
  3. results in the influx of calcium ions into terminal
  4. results in the exocytic release of neurotransmitter to the synapse
  5. neurotransmitters will bind to post-synaptic receptors
  6. trigger the post-synaptic cell resulting in depolarization or hyperpolarization
  7. reuptake or degradation of the neurotransmitters
17
Q

process of addiction

A

reinforcement > tolerance > withdrawl > dependence > addiction

18
Q

reinforcement

A

conditioning a stimulant with a reward

19
Q

tolerance

A
  • needing to take more of the drug/substance to feel the same effect
  • taking more drug without feeling the effects
20
Q

withdrawl

A
  • opposite of the drug effect
  • due to tolerance adaptations
  • use of drug/substance is prolonged to avoid these unpleasant effects
21
Q

dependence

A
  • physical and/or psychological symptoms when drug is absent

- inability to function normally without the drug

22
Q

stimulant drug effects

A
  1. neural activity increases when drug enters the body
  2. membrane will decrease/remove receptors allowing return of normal activity
  3. there is now less receptors in the membrane, therefore when the drug is absent, there is a decrease in neural activity than before
23
Q

sedative drug effects

A
  1. neural activity decreases when drug enters the body
  2. membrane will increase/add receptors allowing return of normal activity
  3. there is now more receptors in the membrane, therefore when the drug is absent, there is an increase in neural activity than before (overstimulation)
24
Q

addiction cycle

A

addiction is a cycle binge-withdrawl-anticipation

25
Q

binge/intoxication

A
  • affects the basal ganglia
  • integrates motivational and executive circuits
  • fires dopamine reward network, therefore it feels really good
26
Q

withdrawl/negative effect

A
  • affects the extended amygdala
  • rewards lose motivational power, therefore a high enough reward is only given when the drug is present in the body
  • elevated dopamine in reward causes stress, dysphoria, in amygdala “anti-reward” network without the drug
  • therefore, users will want to continue drug intake to avoid dysphoria
27
Q

anticipation

A
  • affects the prefrontal cortex
  • controls executive function, self-reg, decision making, error monitoring
  • drug will impair dopamine and glutamate transmission
  • cannot resist strong urges
  • poor decision making
28
Q

drug effects outside the CNS

A
  • cocaine burns out heart tissue

- smoking causes cancer

PMCOL 305 (8 decks)

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