Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Medicine > Malignancies > Flashcards

Malignancies Flashcards

1
Q

Leukemia

A

neoplastic disorder of the blood and bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are neoplastic cells derived from?

A

myeloid or lymphoid cell lines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

lymphoma

A

solid tumor of the RES, mostly lymph nodes

-also derived from lymphoid cell lines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

clinical manifestations of leukemia

A

nonspecific but primarily include:

  • fatigue
  • musculoskeletal pain
  • headache
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

exam findings of leukemia

A 
fever
hepatosplenomegaly
lymphadenopathy
bleeding
infection
pallor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

lab findings of leukemia

A
  • usually elevated WBC’s but range can be wide
  • decreased RBCs and platelets
  • anemia, thrombocytopenia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how to definitively diagnose leukemia

A

bone marrow biopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)

A 
arises from myeloid stem cell line
-Most common in adults
>> Predisposing factors:  
- male gender
- smoking
- genetic (Down syndrome, Trisomy 8)
-essential thrombocytosis
-chemicals, radiation exposure, chemotherapeutic drugs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

peripheral smear findings of AML

A

-blast cells (95% have myeloblasts)
-Auer rods in the cytoplasm of myeloblasts
(white cell inclusion body)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

prognosis of AML

A

varies

-the older the patient, the worse the prognosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)

A

Associated with the Philadelphia chromosome -> transposition gene responsible for tyrosine kinase signaling protein always on

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what causes CML?

A

no clear cut cause except high dose irradiation

-no predisposing factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

tyrosine kinase signaling protein

A

responsible for replication & reproduction of myeloid cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

lab findings of CML

A

WBC > 100k *

  • Thrombocytosis (>600k) often seen
  • anemia
  • increased basophils (Basophilia- rare) and generalized granulocytosis with immature forms
  • not always WBC that is elevated in leukemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what phase are patients in 85% of the time in the clinical course of CML?

A

chronic phase

  • pts are asymptomatic
  • at time of diagnosis - CBC is abnormal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

sx of CML

A

acute gouty arthritis

  • gout= crystalline arthritis sx
  • uric acid = byproduct of DNA breakdown
17
Q

what phase should patient with CML be restarted on chemo to prevent blast crisis?

A

accelerated phase

-peripheral smear shows 10-20% blasts

18
Q

peripheral blood smear findings of CML

A

blasts

  • basophilia
  • granulocytosis w/ neutrophils & immature granulocytes
  • blast crisis of ^^^
19
Q

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)

A

most common leukemia in children with most favorable prognosis

  • survival rate > 85%
  • most children affected ( ~2-5 y/o) commonly w/ Down syndrome
  • adults with ALL have Philadelphia chromosome
20
Q

signs & sx of ALL

A
  • musculoskeletal pain
  • headache
  • lymphadenopathy- nontender, solid & immobile
  • testicular swelling
  • mediastinal mass (thymus)
21
Q

lab findings of ALL

A

CBC reveals

  • anemia
  • thrombocytopenia - 50% have bleeding
  • normal or low WBC, but 20% have WBC > 50k
22
Q

peripheral blood smear findings in ALL

A

lymphoblasts

  • big nucleoli
  • little cytoplasm (light blue)
23
Q

CNS preventative therapy

A
  • chemo is administered directly into CNS because it cannot pass BBB
  • radiation tx
24
Q

what type of vaccines should be avoided for patients with ALL?

A

live viruses

  • varicella
  • zoster
  • MMR
  • nasal influenza
25
Q

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)

A

peripheral blood smear = smudge cells

  • mostly found in older adults (avg. 70 y/o) -> pts w/ CLL will die of something else
  • found incidentally with WBC > 100k on CBC
  • 75% from B cells
  • most are asymptomatic -> monitored every 3 months
26
Q

when should patients be treated for CLL?

A
  • CBC shows advanced progression
  • bone marrow
  • pts become symptomatic
  • > tx w/ chemo
27
Q

what would you expect to find on a peripheral blood smear for a patient of CLL?

A
  1. B lymphocytes (75%)

2. smudge cells

28
Q

what is the more survivable

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Clinical Medicine (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions