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PHA 430 - Immunopharmacology and Biotechnology > Exam 1 - Basic Immunity Review > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Basic Immunity Review Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 barriers to innate immunity?

A

1) Physical
2) Chemical
3) Cellular

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2
Q

Name the two physical barriers to innate immunity.

A

Skin

Mucous membranes

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3
Q

What are the examples of mucous membranes (5)?

A 
Respiratory system
Cough reflex
GI system
Cilia
Eyelashes
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4
Q

What are the examples of chemical barriers in innate immunity (5)?

A 
Hydrolytic enzymes of saliva
Tears 
Sweat 
Low pH of stomach, vagina
Proteolytic enzymes in small intestine
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5
Q

What are the examples of cellular barriers in innate immunity (6)?

A 
General immune response
Innate lymphoid cells
Macrophages
Eosinophils
Natural killer cells
Phagocytes
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6
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

Remove bacteria, viruses

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7
Q

T/F: Macrophages are phagocytes.

A

TRUE

-Mononuclear phagocytes = Macrophages

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8
Q

What do phagocytes do?

A

Remove viruses, bacteria, parasites

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9
Q

What type of immunity is the first line of defense against infection/disease?

A

Innate Immunity

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10
Q

T/F: Innate immunity is not present at birth.

A

FALSE

-Innate immunity is present at birth

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11
Q

T/F: Innate immunity is non-specific.

A

TRUE

  • Will recognize anything no matter what; any antigen without discrimination
  • Re-infection does not equal better immune response; SAME response as before
  • Resistance does not improve with repeated infection
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12
Q

T/F: Innate immunity participates in phagocytosis only.

A

FALSE

-Phagocytosis, Inflammation, Fever

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13
Q

Identify the term for removal of pathogens.

A

Phagocytosis

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14
Q

Identify the term for a form of protection against infection.

A

Inflammation

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15
Q

Where do innate lymphoid cells develop from?

A

Common Lymphoid Progenitor

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16
Q

What type of cells are descendants of stem cells that further differentiate to create specialized cell types?

A

Progenitor cells

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17
Q

T/F: Lymphoid cells have to go to the site of injury to become active.

A

TRUE

-Active lymphoid cells are not in an activation state where they are produced

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18
Q

T/F: Only some cells in the human body develop from bone marrow.

A

FALSE

-All cells in the human body develop from bone marrow

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19
Q

What is the progenitor for all cells?

A

Bone marrow

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20
Q

Where does the complete maturation of innate lymphoid cells take place?

A

At the site of injury or infection

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21
Q

T/F: Innate lymphoid cells are activated by antigens.

A

FALSE

-Innate lymphoid cells are NOT activated by antigens

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22
Q

Name the three groups of innate lymphoid cells.

A

ILC1
ILC2
ILC3

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23
Q

What does TLR stand for?

A

Toll-like receptors

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24
Q

T/F: TLRs play a crucial role in innate immune response.

A

TRUE

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25
Q

Where are TLRs predominantly expressed?

A

On Antigen Presenting Cells

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26
Q

T/F: TLRs are pattern recognizing receptors.

A

TRUE

-When they recognize pattern, then an innate response will pursue

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27
Q

How many subtypes of TLRs are there?

A

10

TLR1-TLR10

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28
Q

Name the two TLR signaling pathways.

A

1) MyD88-dependent

2) TRIF-dependent

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29
Q

Which subtype of TLR does TRIF-dependent signaling pathway recognize?

A

TLR3 & TLR4

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30
Q

What are the 4 listed outcomes after TLRs are activated by microbes?

A

1) Release of anti-viral cytokines
2) Release of anti-bacterial cytokines
3) Uptake by antigen presenting cells
4) Presentation to naive helper T cells after processing

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31
Q

T/F: Resistance improves after repeated infections in adaptive/acquired immunity.

A

TRUE

-AKA Specific Immune Response

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32
Q

What are the three types of cells involved in adaptive/acquired immunity?

A

B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
Macrophages

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33
Q

T/F: Only secondary lymphoid organs are involved in the adaptive/acquire immune response.

A

FALSE

-Primary AND Secondary lymphoid organs are involved in the process

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34
Q

Name primary organs.

A

Bone marrow

Thymus

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35
Q

Name secondary organs.

A

Spleen
Tonsils
Peyer’s Patches
Other lymphoid tissues

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36
Q

Which is the most potent and important immune response?

A

Adaptive/acquired immunity

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37
Q

What is the term for any agent inducing an immune response?

A

Immunogen

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38
Q

T/F: Immunogens always produce an immune response.

A

TRUE

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39
Q

What 3 things make up immunogens?

A

Foreignness
High molecular weight
Chemical complexity

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40
Q

What is the term for any agent capable of binding specifically to components of immune response?

A

Antigen

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41
Q

Name 4 examples of antigens.

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins

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42
Q

What is an example of a strong antigenic agent?

A

Proteins

-More complex = more immune response

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43
Q

Which type of antigen (thymus-dependent or thymus-independent) produces only B cell response?

A

Thymus-INDEPENDENT antigens

-Produce only B cell response, humoral response

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44
Q

Which type of antigen (thymus-dependent or thymus-independent) produces B cell and T cell responses?

A

Thymus-DEPENDENT antigens

-Produces B cell (humoral) and T cell response

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45
Q

What is the term for soluble globulin proteins?

A

ANTIBODIES

46
Q

What is the name for the area against which antibody was produced within antigen, to which an antibody will bind?

A

Epitope or Antigenic determinant

47
Q

What is the term for the specific site to which antigen and antibody bind?

A

Epitope

48
Q

What is the structure of antibody?

A

Four chain structure

-Two light changes and Two heavy chains

49
Q

What are the names of the three fragments of equal size in antibody structures?

A

Fab fragment

Fc fragment

50
Q

What is the name of the region where antibody binds to antigen?

A

Fab

51
Q

T/F: Antibody will only bind to region it was produced.

A

TRUE

52
Q

Which region binds to cell and gives signals (signal transduction)?

A

Fc region

53
Q

What are the 3 functions of IgG? (APO)

A

Agglutination
Precipitation
Opsonization

54
Q

What does ADCC stand for?

A

Antibody Dependent Cell-mediated Cytotoxicity

55
Q

T/F: IgG can get to placenta and provide immunity to the fetus.

A

TRUE

-Conferral of immunity to fetus; can get to placenta

56
Q

What is the term for clumping of an antigen by an antibody?

A

Agglutination

57
Q

T/F: IgG neutralizes only toxins.

A

FALSE

-Neutralization of toxins AND viruses

58
Q

Does IgG mobilize or immobilize bacteria?

A

Immobilization of bacteria

59
Q

Which is the most abundant/potent immunoglobulin?

A

IgG

60
Q

What is the structure of IgM?

A

Pentamer

61
Q

How many binding sites does IgM have?

A

10 binding sites

62
Q

What is the first immunoglobulin synthesized after immunization?

A

IgM

63
Q

What do elevated levels of IgM indicate?

A

RECENT INFECTION

64
Q

What is IgM synthesized by?

A

By placenta

65
Q

What do elevated levels in a fetus indicate?

A

CONGENITAL INFECTION

66
Q

Which immunoglobulin has the best agglutinating and complement-activating antibody relationships?

A

IgM

-B/C it has 10 binding sites; still not more potent than IgG

67
Q

Name the major immunoglobulin in secretions.

A

IgA

68
Q

T/F: IgA is only diameric.

A

FALSE

-IgA is monomeric and diameric

69
Q

Which immunoglobulin has a role in mucosal infections?

A

IgA

70
Q

What kind of activity does IgA have?

A

Bactericidal activity & Antiviral activity

71
Q

Which immunoglobulin is a major part of colostrum and breast milk?

A

IgA

72
Q

Which immunoglobulin causes the differentiation of B cells to a more mature form?

A

IgD

73
Q

Which immunoglobulin is present on the surface of B lymphocytes?

A

IgD

74
Q

T/F: IgD is present in monomeric form.

A

TRUE

75
Q

Which immunoglobulin is a reaginic antibody?

A

IgE

76
Q

T/F: IgE does not protect against parasites.

A

FALSE

-IgE protects against parasites

77
Q

Which immunoglobulin has an important role in hypersensitivity?

A

IgE

78
Q

What happens to immunoglobulin in allergic disease?

A

Instead of making IgG, they make IgE (in large amounts)

79
Q

_____response has a shorter lag phase and an extended plateau and decline.

A

Secondary

80
Q

An antibody titer is greater in _____ response.

A

Secondary

81
Q

Which immunoglobulin is represented in the primary antibody response?

A

IgM

82
Q

Which immunoglobulin is represented in the secondary antibody response?

A

IgG

83
Q

T/F: There is high antibody affinity in the secondary antibody response.

A

TRUE

-B/C of the production of IgG

84
Q

T/F: IgM is a stronger immune response.

A

FALSE

-IgM is a weaker immune response

85
Q

What are the 3 lymphoid cells?

A

T cells
B cells
NK cells

86
Q

Where do T cells develop?

A

THYMUS

87
Q

Where do B cells differentiate?

A

Fetal liver and adult BONE marrow

88
Q

T/F: NK cells do not possess T cell or B cell receptors.

A

TRUE

89
Q

What is the precursor of B and T cells?

A

BONE MARROW

90
Q

What chains is TCR-1 composed of?

A

Gamma and Delta

91
Q

What percentage are TCR-1?

A

5%

92
Q

What chains make up TCR-2?

A

Alpha and Beta

93
Q

What percentage are TCR-2?

A

95%

94
Q

What is the name of the TCR complex?

A

CD3 complex

95
Q

T/F: Every cell that has TCR always has CD3 on it.

A

TRUE

96
Q

What are the two T cell subsets?

A

CD4+ (Helper T cells)

CD8+ (Cytotoxic or cytolytic T cells)

97
Q

What is another name for CD8+?

A

Cytotoxic or cytolytic T cells

98
Q

What is another name for CD4+?

A

Helper T cells

99
Q

T/F: CD4+ cells control entire immune response.

A

TRUE

100
Q

Which two T cell subsets fall under Helper T cells?

A

CDw29+

CD45R+

101
Q

Which is the T cell subset that positively influences the immune response of T cells and B cells?

A

CDw29+

-The helper function

102
Q

Which is the T cell subset that induces cytotoxic function in CD8+ cells?

A

CD45R

103
Q

Which two T cell subsets fall under Cytotoxic or cytolytic T cells?

A

CD28+

CD11b+

104
Q

Which T cell subset is MHC restricted?

A

CD28+

105
Q

Which T cell subset is not MHC restricted or produces IL-2?

A

CD11b+

106
Q

What to TH1 cells secrete?

A 
IL-2
IL-3
IFN - gamma
TNF- alpha
TNF - beta
GM-CSF
107
Q

What is the primary cytokine that defines TH1 cells?

A

IFN - gamma

108
Q

What are TH1 helper T cells involved in (2)?

A

1) Cytotoxicity

2) Hypersensitivity

109
Q

What do TH2 cells secrete?

A 
IL-2
IL-4
IL-5
IL-6 
IL-10
IL-13
TNF - beta
IL-9
110
Q

What are TH2 helper T cells involved in (2)?

A

1) B cell activation

2) Stimulation of Ig1 and IgE secretion; Isotype switching

111
Q

Name all of the Helper T cells subsets.

A 
TH1
TH2
TH9
TH17
TH22

PHA 430 - Immunopharmacology and Biotechnology (9 decks)

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