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1MB Cardiology > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Adrenaline activates B2 adrenoceptors in the heart to cause increased heart rate. True/False?

A

False
Acts on B1 adrenoceptors

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2
Q

Which muscarinic receptor does ACh act on in the heart to cause decreased heart rate?

A

M2 receptors

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3
Q

Which channels, when blocked, decrease the slope of the SA node action potential?

A

HCN channels

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4
Q

Name a drug that is a selective blocker of HCN channels and for what heart condition it is mainly used

A

Ivabradine
Used for angina

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5
Q

Sympathetic stimulation causes a decrease in the duration of systole. True/False?

A

True

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6
Q

Name a B1 agonist drug used sometimes in heart failure

A

Dobutamine

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7
Q

Propranolol is a selective B2 receptor antagonist. True/False?

A

False
It is non-selective

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8
Q

Name a selective B1 antagonist drug

A

Atenolol
Metoprolol

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9
Q

Give some adverse effects of B-blockers

A

Aggravate asthma
Aggravate heart failure
Cold extremities
Bradycardia
Fatigue

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10
Q

What are the dangers of digoxin?

A

It has a low therapeutic ratio and is thus toxic, especially in hypokalaemia
Can cause heart block

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11
Q

What is an indirect effect of digoxin?

A

Slows AV node conduction to increase refractory period

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12
Q

Name 2 examples of organic nitrates used clinically

A

GTN tablet/spray
Isosorbide mononitrate

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13
Q

Why is it important to have nitrate-low periods?

A

Repeated use can develop tolerance and reduce efficacy

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14
Q

Name a renin inhibitor

A

Aliskiren

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15
Q

Renin inhibitors (aliskiren) can be used in conjunction with an ARB or ACEi. True/False?

A

False

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16
Q

What are the effects of ACE?

A

Converts AT I to AT II
Inactivates bradykinin

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17
Q

Name an ACEi used in Tayside

A

Lisinopril

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18
Q

Name an ARB used in Tayside

A

Losartan

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19
Q

What are the main differences between ACEi and ARBs?

A

ARBs do not inhibit bradykinin and do not produce dry cough

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20
Q

What is the main/overall action of diuretics?

A

Increase Na, Cl and water excretion
Indirectly relax vasculature

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21
Q

What is the undesirable effect of diuretics?

A

Loss of K+

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22
Q

Name a thiazide diuretic and conditions it is used in

A

Bendroflumethazide
Mild heart failure, hypertension

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23
Q

Name a loop diuretic and conditions it is used in

A

Furosemide
Chronic heart failure, acute pulmonary oedema

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24
Q

What are some side effects of diuretics?

A

Hypokalaemia
Arrhythmias
Gout
Impotence

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25
Q

Name conditions in which amlodipine can be used

A

Hypertension
Angina

26
Q

ACEi and ARBs are safe in pregnancy. True/False?

A

False
NEVER use in pregnancy

27
Q

Name conditions in which nitrates can be used

A

Angina
Acute heart failure

28
Q

Name some antiplatelet agents

A

Aspirin
Clopidogrel

29
Q

Name some anticoagulants

A

Heparin (IV)
Warfarin (oral)

30
Q

What do fibrinolytics simply do?

A

Dissolve formed clots

31
Q

Name a commonly used fibrinolytic

A

Streptokinase

32
Q

CV disease is associated with low LDL and HDL. True/False?

A

False
High LDL and/or low HDL causes CV disease

33
Q

The bigger the HDL:LDL ratio, the better (in terms of health). True/False?

A

True

34
Q

Why is LDL “bad” cholesterol?

A

Increased LDL is involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis

35
Q

Why is HDL “good” cholesterol?

A

HDL accepts excess cholesterol from the plasma membrane of cells (e.g. macrophages) and delivers cholesterol to the liver - reverse cholesterol transport

36
Q

What are the drugs of choice for reducing LDL (and moderately increasing HDL)? Give examples

A

Statins - simvastatin, atorvastatin

37
Q

When and how are statins administered?

A

Orally at night

38
Q

What are the 3 components of Virchow’s triad? What do they predispose to?

A

Abnormal blood flow
Vessel wall injury
Increased coagulability of blood
These predispose to thrombosis

39
Q

An arterial thrombus is a white thrombus. True/False?

A

True

40
Q

What colour is a venous thrombus?

A

Red

41
Q

Where do white thrombi commonly lodge?

A

Brain (detached embolus from left heart)

42
Q

Where do red thrombi commonly lodge?

A

Lung (detached embolus from right heart)

43
Q

How is warfarin administered? How fast is its onset of action?

A

Oral
2-3 days

44
Q

What is the main risk with anticoagulant drugs?

A

Risk of haemmorhage

45
Q

How might a warfarin overdose be treated?

A

Vitamin K/clotting factor infusion

46
Q

Give examples of LMWHs

A

Enoxaparin
Dalteparin

47
Q

How is heparin administered?

A

Intravenously or subcutaenously

48
Q

How is LMWH administered?

A

Subcutaneously

49
Q

Name an oral active inhibitor of Xa

A

Rivaroxaban

50
Q

How is aspirin administered?

A

Oral

51
Q

How is clopidogrel administered?

A

Oral

52
Q

Give examples of fibrinolytic drugs

A

Streptokinase
Aleplase
Duteplase

53
Q

How are fibrinolytic drugs administered?

A

Intravenously

54
Q

What is the healthy level for Total Cholesterol?

A

5 or below

55
Q

What is the healthy level for HDL?

A

1 or above

56
Q

What is the healthy level for LDL?

A

4 or below

57
Q

What are triglycerides?

A

Fatty substance similar to LDL

58
Q

What is the healthy level of Fasting triglycerides? (when you’re asked not to eat for several hours before the test)

A

1.7 or below

59
Q

What is the healthy level of non-Fasting triglycerides?

A

2.3 or below

60
Q

What is the healthy level of Total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol ratio?

A

6 or below

1MB Cardiology (16 decks)

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