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ASBOG > Field Investigations > Flashcards

Field Investigations Flashcards

1
Q

API Units

A

A unit of measurement of gamma rays. American Petroleum Institute.

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2
Q

ASTM

A

American Society for Testing and Materials International.

ASTM develops numerous standards by consensus and publishes them annually.

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3
Q

Auger

A

A screw like boring tool used in relatively unconsolidated near-surface materials.

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4
Q

Azimuth

A

For radar images. it is the dimension parallel to the flight path.

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5
Q

Borehole Geophysics

A

The science of recording and analyzing measurements of physical properties made in wells or test holes.

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6
Q

Caliper Log

A

A well log that shows the variations with depth in the diameter of an uncased borehole.

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7
Q

Casing

A

A heavy metal pipe lowered into a borehole and cemented in place to prevent cave-in, loss of drilling fluid, and unwanted fluids from entering the borehole.

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8
Q

Cone of Depression

A

A depression in the potentiometric surface of groundwater that has the shape of an inverted cone and develops around a well from which water is being drawn.

It also defines the area of influence of a well.

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9
Q

Cone Penetrometer

A

A tool consisting of a cone-shaped tip on the end of a hollow steel rod that is pushed into the ground to record resistance to insertion.

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10
Q

CPT

A

Cone Penetration Test.
The test measures the resistance of the cone to penetration and the friction on the rod.
Used widely in engineering and environmental industries.

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11
Q

Drawdown

A

The amount of water level in a well is lowered due to withdrawal of water.

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12
Q

Dutch Cone

A

A specific kind of Cone Penetrometer.

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13
Q

Gamma Ray Log

A

The radioactivity log curve of the intensity of natural gamma radiation emitted from the rocks in a borehole.

Used to differentiate between shale (high gamma reading) and other sedimentary rocks.

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14
Q

GPS

A

Global Positioning System.

A radio navigation system that provides the exact position on Earth and time information

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15
Q

Gravity Survey

A

A series of measurements made by a gravimeter at a number of different locations in the field to determine the density distribution by evaluating the gravitational pull.

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16
Q

Ground-Penetrating Radar

A

The application of radar or radio waves to the subsurface using a radar impulse as the source and a receiver.
Low frequency antennas examine the subsurface at great depths while the higher frequencies are used close to the surface.
It can see as deep as a 100 feet.

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17
Q

InSAR

A

Interfermotric Synthtic Aperature Radar.
A remote sensing method that is used to study ground deformation, particularly in subsidence, volcanic, and fault studies.

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18
Q

Invaded Zone

A

A transitional zone in a borehole located between the flushed zone and the uninvaded zone.
It refers to the degree to which the mud filtrate penetrates the formation fluids, resulting in a transition from the mud filtrate saturation to the formation water saturation.

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19
Q

LiDAR

A

Light Detection and Ranging.

A remote sensing method using laser beams to record topographic changes.

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20
Q

Lysimeter

A

A device for collecting water from the pore spaces of soils to determine the soluble constituents removed by drainage.

It is used to sample water chemistry in the vadose zone, and measure deep percolation and evapotranspiration.

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21
Q

Neutron Log

A

A radioactivity log curve of the intensity of radiation produced when the rocks in a borehole are bombarded by neutrons.

It indicates the presence (not type) of fluid.

It is often used with gamma ray logs to distinguish porous and nonporous formations.

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22
Q

Normal-Resistivity Log

A

A log that makes measurements of the resistivity of formation using 4 electrodes set up in a standard 16- or 64-inch spacing.

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23
Q

Packer Test

A

An aquifer test in which two inflatable seals (or packers) are set in an open borehole to prevent movement of groundwater in the test section while the permeability of the isolated rock is determined.

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24
Q

Percolation (Perc) Test

A

An in-situ test that determines the suitability of a soil for a sewage disposal system (leachfield). This test made by digging a hole, filling it with water, and measuring the rate of decline of the water table.

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25
Q

Piezometer

A

A device that measures in situ pore water pressures, often an open standpipe to monitor water levels in permeable materials, or an enclosed electronic pressure transducer used in impermeable soils.

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26
Q

Pumping Test

A

A test made by pumping a well for a period of time and observing the change in the hydraulic head in the aquifer.

27
Q

Range

A

For radar images, it is the dimension perpendicular to the flight direction.

28
Q

Resistivity Log

A

A log that makes quantitative measurements of the specific resistance of a material to the flow of an electric current.

29
Q

Rippability

A

The ease with which soil or rock can be excavated mechanically.

30
Q

Rotary Drilling

A

The chief method drilling deep wells. A drill bit grinds a hole in the rock, and lubrication and cooling are provided by continuously circulating drilling mud which brings the well cuttings to the surface.

31
Q

Rock Quality Designation (RQD)

A

A measure of the intactness of rock core, reading to the percentage of intact core to the total core run.

32
Q

Seismic Refraction

A

A survey method based on the travel times of the seismic waves that pass through materials of differing densities in order to map the layers.

33
Q

Seismic Reflection

A

A survey method that utilizes the travel times of seismic waves that are reflected back from deep formation giving a detailed picture of subsurface structures.

34
Q

Shelby Tube

A

A thin-walled, push-tube sampler that obtains undisturbed samples of cohesive soils

35
Q

SIngle-Point Resistivity Log

A

A log that measures the resistivity using two electrodes and having a limited area of investigation from 5 to 10 times the electrode diameter.

36
Q

Slug Test

A

An aquifer test made either by pouring a small charge of water into a well or by removing a slug of water from the well. The removal of water from the well is also called a bail-down test.

37
Q

Split-Spoon Sampler

A

A thick-walled barrel sampler that obtains disturbed samples of cohesive soils.

38
Q

Spontaneous Potential (SP) Log

A

A log of the difference in DC voltage between an electrode in a well and an electrode at the surface. The difference in voltage is mostly a result of the electrochemical potentials the develop between dissimilar borehole and formation fluids.

39
Q

Standard Penetration Test (SPT)

A

A standardized soil sampling procedure in which a 140-pound hammer is dropped 30 inches, driving a two-inch split-spoon sampler 18 inches. The blow count to drive the sampler through the last 12 inches is correlated with the soil conditions.

40
Q

Tensiometer

A

A device used to measure soil matric potential (soil water suction, or the ability to draw water into the pore spaces). Used to determine irrigation needs and water consumption by plants.

41
Q

Test Pits

A

A pit easily dug with a backhoe to obtain bulk samples and to identify subsurface materials in situ.

42
Q

Well Efficiency

A

The ratio in percent of theoretical drawdown to actual drawdown measured in a well.

43
Q

Well Log

A

A graphic record of the measured physical characteristics of the subsurface encountered in a well plotted as a function of depth.

44
Q

Types of Photographic Images

A

Stereo-paired / Low-altitude aerial photography (1:40,000 or larger)
High Altitude Aerial Photography (1:80,000-120,000)
Infrared Photography (1:58,000 to 1:120,000)

45
Q

What is stereo-paired/Low-altitude aerial photography used for?

A

For engineering, geologic, and environmental investigations like landslides, faults, site histories.
( more detailed view of smaller areas)

46
Q

What is High Altitude Aerial Photography used for?

A

Used to map topography, soils, geology, and crop investigations.
(Not as much detail so used for regional studies).

47
Q

What is Infrared Photography used for?

A

Used to study landforms, health of vegetation, environmental pollution, and effects of human activities.

48
Q

What are the 3 types of radar images?

A
  1. SLAR - Side-looking Airborne Radar
  2. SRTM - Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
  3. InSAR - Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar.
49
Q

What is SLAR used for?

A

Used in areas where cloud cover is common.

50
Q

What is SRTM used for?

A

It is elevation data used to generate 3-D visualizations of the Earth’s surface, show changes due to flooding, erosion landslides, earthquakes, weather, and climate change.

51
Q

What is InSAR used for?

A

Used for measuring deformation and hazard monitoring such as fault and landslide movement, volcanic activity, and subsidence. Also used for tracking ice sheets and groundwater movements!!

52
Q

What are the 2 types of Satellite Images?

A
  1. Landsat or ERTS

2. SPOT - Satellite Pour l’Observation de la Terre)

53
Q

What is Landsat used for?

A

Used to map soils, geology and the effects of precipitation and evaporation upon the occurrence and character of groundwater.

54
Q

What is SPOT used for?

A

Used for different purposes ranging from stereoplotting

55
Q

Specific Capacity equation (drawdown)

A

SC = average rate in gpm / drawdown (ds)

56
Q

What are the Downhole Geophysical log types?

A
  1. Spontaneous Pontential (SP)
  2. Resistivity
  3. Neutron
  4. Gamma
  5. Caliper
  6. Density (gamma-gamma)
  7. Sonic
57
Q

What is SP log used for

A

Determining and correlating lithology
Establishing or confirming bed thickness
Determining salinity of formation water

58
Q

What is a Resistivity log used for?

A

Making lithologic interpretations
Identifying the fresh-water - salt-water boundary
Determining hydrocarbon saturation in oil and gas wells

59
Q

What is a Neutron log used for?

A

Measuring porosity in petroleum and hydrogeology investigations

60
Q

What is a Gamma log used for?

A

Determining shale content of formation
Correlating stratigraphy and lithology
Evaluating of radioactive deposits

61
Q

What is a Caliper log used for?

A

Recording hole diameter

62
Q

What is a Sonic log used for?

A

Measuring the transit time the formation to determine porosity
Correlating units and facies analysis
Mineral exploration for iron, hydrocarbons, and potassium

63
Q

What is a Density (gamma-gamma) log used for?

A

Measuring the density of the rocks and is used to determine porosity.

ASBOG (12 decks)

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