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ZOOT 1 100 > DIGESTIVE SYSTEM > Flashcards

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

is composed of several organs which provide

the key functions for the survival of animals

A

digestive system

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2
Q

physical and chemical breakdown of feeds

as they pass through the gastrointestinal tract

A

digestion

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3
Q

physical reduction of particle size

A

Mastication

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4
Q

act of swallowing

A

Deglutition

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5
Q

bringing

of swallowed food up again to the mouth

A

Regurgitation

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6
Q

classification of animals
- consume animal
products; such as dogs and cats

A

carnivores

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7
Q

classification of animals
- consume plant products; such as
cattle, sheep, goat, and horses

A

herbivores

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8
Q

classification of animals
- consume a
combination of plant and animal products; such as humans and pigs

A

omnivores

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9
Q

type of digestive system
- simple stomach such as in
birds, dogs, and pigs

A

monogastric

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10
Q

type of digestive system
- multi-compartmented stomach, this
was referred to as compound stomach, are cranial fermenters, such as cattle,
goats, and sheep

A

ruminants

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11
Q

type of digestive system
- animals with simple
stomach, but with very large and complex large intestine such as horses,
rabbits, and ostrich

A

hind gut (caudal) fermenters

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12
Q

oral cavity
- is the entrance to the digestive system
- are used primarily for grinding
food and mixing it with saliva
- may also serve as
a prehensile organ for grasping food, and as a defensive and offensive
weapon

A

oral cavity or the mouth

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13
Q

oral cavity

- referring to the outer part, between the teeth and the lips (labia) and cheeks

A

the oral vestibule

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14
Q

oral cavity
- enclosed by the teeth and the dental pad, which
contains the tongue and communicate with the oral part of the pharynx.

A

oral cavity proper

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15
Q

part of teeth
- the part that protrudes
above the gum line

A

crown

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16
Q

part of teeth

- the part found at the gum line

A

neck

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17
Q

part of teeth
- the part
embedded in the tooth socket

A

root

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18
Q

teeth according to permanence

- milk tooth; present at birth

A

temporary teeth

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19
Q

teeth according to permanence

- persist throughout the life of the animals

A

adult teeth

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20
Q 
prominent 
transverse folds of 
thick mucous 
membrane 
covering the hard 
palate
A

palatine rugae

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21
Q

All domestic animals develop a set of deciduous teeth (milk teeth) that eventually
fall-out and are replaced with permanent teeth this is called?

A

diphyodont

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22
Q

teeth according to function
- cutting teeth –
nippers

A

Incisors

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23
Q

teeth according to function
- tearing or seizing
teeth – holding teeth

A

Canines

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24
Q

teeth according to function

- grinding or shearing teeth

A

Premolars and Molars

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25
Q 
layers of teeth
- the visible, outer layer; 
extremely hard; composed primarily of 
calcium phosphate minerals; 
irreplaceable, as the cells that 
generate it (ameloblasts) are lost 
following formation of the tooth, except 
continuously growing teeth
A

Enamel

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26
Q 
layers of teeth
- middle layer of the tooth, the 
layer directly beneath the surface 
enamel; yellowish in color, with a 
center (dental cavity)
A

Dentin

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27
Q

layers of teeth
- center layer; softest layer,
containing vital tissues composed of
blood and nerves

A

Pulp

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28
Q

teeth based on the manner of growth
- found in carnivores, omnivores and incisors
of ruminants, possess a crown, a neck, and a root
- grows to adult size, but wears-off without further growth, and with no eruption
to compensate for the wear

A

true teeth

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29
Q

teeth based on the manner of growth
- tushes of pigs and incisor teeth of rodents do not possess a definite neck or
root.
- continuously grows from active pulp

A

constantly growing teeth

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30
Q

teeth based on the manner of growth
- entire dentition of horses and cheek
teeth of ruminants, possess extremely long root and no definite neck
- gradually pushed out of the sockets to compensate for the wear

A

constantly erupting teeth

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31
Q

teeth based on the amount of development

- dentition when all teeth are similar

A

Homodont

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32
Q

teeth based on the amount of development
- dentition when teeth have different appearances such
as incisors, canine, premolars, and molars.

A

Heterodont

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33
Q

teeth based on the amount of development
- dentition when much of the crown is embedded in the
gum, e.g. cheek teeth of horse.

A

Hypsodont

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34
Q

teeth based on the amount of development
- dentition when several primitive cones come together to
form one tooth, e.g. cheek teeth of the pig.

A

Bunodont

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35
Q

teeth based on the amount of development
- dentition when the cones become ridges, e.g. cheek
teeth of the horse.

A

Lophodont

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36
Q

teeth based on the amount of development
- dentition when the ridges become sharp, e.g. cheek
teeth of ox.

A

Selenodont

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37
Q

teeth based on the amount of development
- dentition when the enamel of the tooth is restricted to
the crown, e.g. teeth of dog (short crowned teeth).

A

Brachydont

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38
Q

parts of tongue

- free part at the rostral end

A

apex

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39
Q

parts of tongue

- the muscular part

A

body

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40
Q

parts of tongue
- the caudal part adjacent to the pharynx.
- It is covered with thick keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
- the
dorsal surface contains a large number of projections (lingual papillae)

A

root

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41
Q

five types of lingual papillae
- are the most numerous of the lingual papillae; fine,
small, cone-shaped papillae (hair-like) covering most of the dorsum
of the tongue.

A

Filiform papillae

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42
Q

five types of lingual papillae
- are club shaped projections, scattered amongst
the filiform papillae and have taste buds.

A

Fungiform papillae

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43
Q

five types of lingual papillae
- are short vertical folds, appear as a series of red
colored, leaf–like ridges of mucosa and bear many taste buds.

A

Foliate papillae

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44
Q

five types of lingual papillae
- are dome-shaped,
large, circular projections surrounded by a deep groove and with
taste buds.

A

Circumvallate papillae (or vallate papillae)

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45
Q

five types of lingual papillae
- one of the sparsely scattered elevations on the
tongue, often considered to be modified filiform papillae.

A

Conical papilla

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46
Q

lingual papillae that are found in all domestic animals

A

filiform, fungiform, and vallate papillae

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47
Q

lingual papillae that are present in the horse, pig, and dog, but not in ruminants

A

foliate papillae

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48
Q

lingual papillae that is present in ruminants and large in size

A

conical papillae

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49
Q

lingual papillae that do not bear taste

A

filiform and conical papillae

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50
Q

serves as the common passageway for food and air, and
is located caudal to the oral and nasal cavities. It is lined by mucous
membrane and surrounded by muscles

A

Pharynx

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51
Q

3 parts of pharynx

A
  • nasopharynx
  • oropharynx
  • laryngopharynx
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52
Q

is a muscular tube extending from the pharynx

(oropharynx) to the stomach, until immediately caudal to the diaphragm

A

Esophagus

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53
Q

parts of esophagus based on location (3)

A
  • cervical
  • thoracic
  • abdominal
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54
Q

esophagus of animals based on muscular control
- is
voluntary as far as at the level near the base of the heart
- has a well-marked cardiac sphincter thus vomiting is extremely rare

A

horse

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55
Q

esophagus of animals based on muscular control

- voluntary, but only until few inches near the cardia.

A

pig

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56
Q

esophagus of animals based on muscular control
- is easily dilatable
and voluntary throughout

A

ruminants (cattle and sheep)

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57
Q

esophagus of animals based on muscular control
- voluntary
throughout.

A

dog

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58
Q

parts of stomach

- entrance to the stomach and proximal to the heart

A

cardia

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59
Q

parts of stomach
- body, has greater curvature (convex side) and lesser curvature
(concave side)

A

fundus

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60
Q

parts of stomach

- connected to the small intestine

A

pylorus

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61
Q

circular muscles of stomach

  • muscular ring
  • separates the stomach from the esophagus
A

Cardiac sphincter

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62
Q

circular muscles of stomach

  • strong annular muscle
  • at the junction of the stomach and the duodenum
A

Pyloric sphincter

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63
Q

allow the stomach volume to expand to accommodate meals

A

gastric folds

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64
Q

depression created by deep infoldings of the columnar epithelium of the tunica mucosa

A

gastric pits

65
Q

layers of stomach (nonruminants)
- that covers the outer surface
of the stomach and continuous with the parietal peritoneum

A

tunica serosa

66
Q

layers of stomach (nonruminants)
- composed of three smooth muscle layers – outer longitudinal,
middle circular, and internal oblique muscles

A

tunica muscularis

67
Q

layers of stomach (nonruminants)

- containing blood vessels and nerves

A

tunica submucosa

68
Q

part of tunica mucosa

- has no glands and composed of squamous epithelium

A

esophageal part

69
Q

part of tunica mucosa

- which contains gastric glands

A

glandular part

70
Q

part of glandular part
- adjacent to the esophageal region, contains
cardiac glands (also called mucous glands), and no enzymes are
produced in this region

A

Cardiac region

71
Q

part of glandular part
- the body of the stomach, contains fundic glands
(or true gastric glands) composed of 3 types of cells: chief cells, parietal cells, neck chief cells

A

Fundic region

72
Q

part of glandular part
- contains pyloric glands that secrete mucus and small
amount of proteolytic enzymes.

A

Pyloric region

73
Q

cells of fundic region
- pepsinogen (a zymogen or precursor or pepsin used to break down
proteins into smaller peptides)

A

chief cells

74
Q

cells of fundic region
- secrete
hydrochloric acid.

A

parietal cells

75
Q

first three compartments of ruminant stomach

A
  • rumen
  • reticulum
  • omasum
76
Q 
- is voluminous diverticula marked 
expansion of the esophageal region
- is lined with 
nonglandular stratified squamous epithelium where ingesta are subjected to 
microbial digestions
A

forestomach

77
Q 
- is a small glandular portion 
of the ruminant stomach
- considered as the true 
stomach of ruminants
- secretes gastric enzymes and hydrochloric acid
A

terminal compartment or abomasum

78
Q

appearance of ruminant stomach compartments
- honey-comb; smallest section; most
anterior of the compartments; lies entirely on the left
median plane; acts as a liquid reservoir to soften heavy
matter in food

A

Reticulum

79
Q

appearance of ruminant stomach compartments
- paunch; largest part of the adult compound
stomach; fermentation vat, an organ of maceration, a
site of bacterial digestion and an organ of absorption

A

Rumen

80
Q

appearance of ruminant stomach compartments
- many plies; grinds food more finely and
absorb excess moisture; broad longitudinal folds or
leaves reminiscent of the pages in a book; not concern
in rumination

A

Omasum

81
Q

part of abomasum
- anterior
end

A

fundic portion

82
Q

part of abomasum
- posterior extension
of the fundus

A

body

83
Q

part of abomasum
- connected to the
small intestine

A

pyloric part

84
Q

tube connecting the stomach to the cecum and large
intestine; suspended from the dorsal part of the abdominal
cavity by a fold of peritoneum called great mesentery ;
absorption of nutrients from gastric and intestinal digestion
occurs

A

Small Intestine

85
Q

it is called the fold of peritoneum

A

great mesentery

86
Q

part of small intestine

  • makes-up 5% of the total length of the small
    intestine. It has an s-shaped portion which contains the pancreas
A

duodenum

87
Q

part of small intestine
- makes-up 90% of the total length and has not clear
demarcation from other portions of the small intestine.
- forms the
mesenteric part of the intestine, and generally located in the left
dorsal position of the abdominal cavity.

A

jejunum

88
Q

part of small intestine

  • makes-up about 4 to 5% of the total length of the
    intestine. This portion is connected to the cecum and large intestine
A

ileum

89
Q

type of glands of small intestine
- are found throughout the small
intestine

A

intestinal glands or crypt of lieberkuhn or intestinal crypt

90
Q

type of glands of small intestine
- are found in the first part of
the small intestine, and produce mucus-rich alkaline secretions

A

duodenal glands or brunner’s glands

91
Q

type of glands of small intestine

- associated with the immune system

A

Peyer’s

patches

92
Q

cells of crypt of lieberkuhn
- secrete mucus for
lubrication and protection

A

goblet cells

93
Q

cells of crypt of lieberkuhn

- secrete water and electrolytes

A

enterocytes

94
Q

cells of crypt of lieberkuhn
- secrete hormones such as somatostatin, motilin,
cholesystokinin, neurotensin, vasoactive intestinal peptides, and
enteroglucagon

A

enteroendocrine cells

95
Q

cells of crypt of lieberkuhn

- secrete antimicrobial peptides

A

Paneth cells

96
Q

reabsorbs the water and electrolytes

A

villi

97
Q

part of large intestine
- a blind sac situated between the ileum
and the colon. It has a comma-shaped appearance and lies to the right of the
median plane. It consists of body, base, and apex

A

cecum or cul de sac

98
Q

part of large intestine
- a coiled tubular organ
responsible in absorbing water from digested food

A

colon

99
Q

part of colon (3)

A
  • ascending colon
  • transverse colon
  • descending colon
100
Q

part of colon
- forms a short connection that runs
transversely from the distal ascending colon to proximal
descending colon, running from right to left side of the
abdomen

A

transverse colon

101
Q

part of colon
- relatively straight, running caudad on the
left side of the abdomen to the pelvic cavity, where it
terminates as the rectum

A

descending colon

102
Q

part of large intestine
- the terminal part of the large intestine and is found
within the pelvic cavity. It serves as a temporary storage for feces

A

rectum

103
Q

part of large intestine
- is the terminal part of the alimentary tract and is continuous
with the skin

A

anus

104
Q

muscles of anus

- a circular smooth muscle

A

sphincter ani internus

105
Q

muscles of anus
- composed of skeletal muscle fibers and adhere intimately to the skin
surrounding the margin of the anus

A

sphincter ani externus

106
Q

muscles of anus
- for retraction of partially
prolapse anus during defecation

A

retractor ani

107
Q

peritoneal structures

- holds the liver to the ventral midline

A

falciform ligament

108
Q

peritoneal structures

- connecting the spleen and left kidney

A

renosplenic or nephrosplenic ligament

109
Q

peritoneal structures

- connecting the liver and proximal duodenum

A

hepatoduodenal ligament

110
Q

peritoneal structures
- part of the peritoneum that connects the stomach with
other visceral organs

A

omentum

111
Q

part of omentum
- extends from the lesser curvature of
the stomach to the liver

A

lesser omentum

112
Q

part of omentum
- attached to the greater
curvature of the stomach)

A

greater omentum

113
Q

provide necessary digestive enzymes, and
provide a route of excretion of substances which accumulate on the teeth,
and provide lubricative and cleansing functions

A

Salivary Glands

114
Q 
type of salivary gland
- located ventral to the ear in 
relation to the caudal border of the mandible
- secretes primarily 
serous saliva
A

parotid salivary gland

115
Q

type of salivary gland
- located ventral to the parotid, just caudal to the mandible
- are mixed
glands in domestic farm animals

A

mandibular salivary

gland

116
Q

type of salivary gland
- located deep to the mucous membrane along the
ventral side of the lateral surface of the tongue near the floor of the mouth

A

sublingual salivary gland

117
Q

minor salivary glands (4)

A
  • labial
  • buccal
  • lingual
  • palatine glands
118
Q

salivary glands based on type of secretion

- that produce a watery clear fluid

A

serous glands

119
Q

salivary glands based on type of secretion
- that secrete, a viscous material that acts as a protective covering for
the surface of mucous membranes

A

mucous

glands

120
Q

salivary glands based on type of secretion
- that produce both
mucous and serous fluids

A

mixed glands

121
Q

is a compound gland, which is irregularly lobulated and

lies adjacent to the proximal duodenum

A

Pancreas

122
Q

part of pancreas
- responsible in producing sodium bicarbonate and digestive enzymes
through pancreatic duct

A

exocrine portion

123
Q

part of pancreas
- consists of isolated groups
of pale-staining cells scattered throughout the gland called the pancreatic
islets (formerly islets of Langerhans).

A

endocrine portion

124
Q
  • are responsible in
    producing the hormones that pass directly into the bloodstream most notably
    glucagon and insulin
  • the primary regulators of blood sugar levels
A

pancreatic islets

125
Q

cells within the pancreatic islets

- responsible in producing glucagon for increasing blood glucose level

A

alpha cells

126
Q

cells within the pancreatic islets
- responsible in producing insulin for decreasing and utilization of blood
glucose by body tissues

A

beta cells

127
Q

cells within the pancreatic islets
- responsible in producing somatostatin
which inhibits the release of numerous other hormones in the body

A

delta cells

128
Q
  • s considered as the largest gland in the body (about 1 to 2%
    of the total adult body weight)
  • situated posterior to the diaphragm and
    conforms closely to the shape of the structure
A

liver

129
Q

blood enters the liver via?

A

hepatic artery and portal vein

130
Q

branch of the celiac

artery

A

hepatic artery

131
Q

main trunk of

the portal system

A

portal vein

132
Q

blood leaves the liver via?

A

hepatic vein

133
Q

enters the posterior

vena cava

A

hepatic vein

134
Q

is for the storage of bile in all domestic animals except horses

A

gallbladder

135
Q

The morphologic unit of the

liver

A

hepatic lobule

136
Q

a polygonal cylinder of liver cells

A

hepatocytes

137
Q 
- At the angles on the periphery, 
where adjacent hepatic lobules 
meet
- consisting of branches of the 
hepatic artery and portal vein
(interlobular vessels), an 
interlobular bile duct, and 
lymphatics
A

portal triads

138
Q

In and around the sinusoids are

fixed macrophages

A

Kupffer

cells

139
Q

liver lobes of equine

A

right, middle or central, and left lobes

140
Q

liver lobes of bovine

A

not divided into lobes

141
Q

liver lobes of porcine

A

right lateral, right medial, left lateral, left medial

142
Q

liver lobes of canine

A

left lateral, left central, right central, right lateral, and caudate lobe

143
Q

the rhythmic, coordinated contraction of muscles to

move ingesta along the GIT

A

Peristalsis

144
Q

contract behind the

food mass.

A

circular muscles

145
Q

contract ahead of food mass

A

longitudinal muscles

146
Q

avian digestive system
- the palate is incompletely fused resulting in a longitudinal opening
between oral and nasal cavities

A

choanal cleft

147
Q

avian digestive system

- the esophagus features a distensible dilation

A

crop or ingluvies

148
Q

avian stomach
- which provides pepsin, and hydrochloric acid for enzymatic
digestion

A

proventriculus or glandular

stomach

149
Q

avian stomach
- which
has a highly keratinized mucosa, has a cuticle which forms a thick, leathery
sheet, and has grit

A

gizzard or muscular stomach (or ventriculus muscularis)

150
Q

avian digestive system
- remnant of the embryonic connection to
the yolk sac

A

Meckel’s diverticulum

151
Q

avian digestive system
- large intestine has an expanded region
- common to
the both gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts

A

cloaca

152
Q

portion of cloaca

- that temporarily holds feces

A

coprodeum

153
Q

portion of cloaca

- that has openings for two ureters

A

urodeum

154
Q

portion of cloaca
- that houses the male reproductive organs (or has opening for the
female reproductive tract)
- also has the opening of the bursa of Fabricius

A

proctodeum

155
Q

avian digestive system

- referred to as the vent in birds, is the terminal part.

A

anus

156
Q

terminates at the large intestine

A

ileum

157
Q

avian digestive system
- a point
demarcated clearly in domestic birds by the presence of
paired ___

A

ceca

158
Q

avian digestive system
- provides for temporary storage after
swallowing

A

crop

159
Q

avian digestive system
- provides a
muscular force to grind and crush foodstuffs so
that they can be more effectively digested.

A

gizzard

ZOOT 1 100 (11 decks)

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