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AnaPhy Lab > Week 14: Lymphatic and Immune System > Flashcards

Week 14: Lymphatic and Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

The lymphatic system plays a role in maintaining fluid balance within the body by

A

returning interstitial fluid to the plasma

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2
Q

Which of the following are functions of the lymphatic system?

  1. Defense
  2. Fluid equilibrium
  3. Fat absorption
A
  1. Defense
  2. Fluid equilibrium
  3. Fat absorption
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3
Q

Is excess interstitial fluid

A

Lymph

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4
Q

What structural feature of lymphatic vessels is responsible for preventing lymph from flowing backward?

A

Valves

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5
Q

Close-ended vessels consisting of simple squamous epithelium

A

Lymphatic capillaries

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6
Q

Resemble small veins and contain valves to prevent backward flow of lymph

A

Lymphatic vessels

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7
Q

Lymph from the right upper limb enters blood circulation here

A

Right lymphatic duct

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8
Q

Lymph from the lower limbs enters blood circulation here

A

Thoracic duct

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9
Q

Are the sites of proliferation of lymphocytes in the lymph nodes

A

Germinal centers

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10
Q

Protect against bacteria from entering the pharynx from the nasal or oral cavity

A

Tonsils

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11
Q

Filter lymph; house lymphocytes

A

Lymph nodes

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12
Q

Destroys defective red blood cells; responds to foreign substances in the blood

A

Spleen

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13
Q

Site for the maturation of T cells

A

Thymus

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14
Q

Which of the following is the molecule that displays an antigen on the surface of cells?

A

Major histocompatibility complex

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15
Q

Specificity and memory are characteristics of adaptive and innate immunity. T/F

A

False

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16
Q

Specificity involves the immune system’s ability to recognize a particular substance. T/F

A

True

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17
Q

Memory involves the immune system’s ability to “remember” previous substances. T/F

A

True

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18
Q

Memory and specificity speed up and lengthen the immune system’s reaction time. T/F

A

True

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19
Q

Which of the following is a lymphocyte that is part of the innate immune system and functions to kill tumor cells and infected cells?

a. Macrophages
b. Natural killer cells
c. Eosinophils
d. Basophils

A

B. Natural killer cells

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20
Q

Causes vasodilation and increased permeability of vessels

A

Histamine

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21
Q

Protect cells against viral infection

A

Interferon

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22
Q

Group of plasma proteins; promote inflammation and can lyse bacterial cells

A

Complement

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23
Q

Check all that occur during inflammation.

Chemical mediators cause vasodilation.

Blood flow to the area is decreased.

Vascular permeability is decreased.

Fibrin walls off the infected area.

Complement attracts phagocytes to the area.

A

Chemical mediators cause vasodilation.

Fibrin walls off the infected area.

Complement attracts phagocytes to the area.

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24
Q

Foreign antigen and example:

A

Introduced from outside the body; pollen

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25
Q

Self-antigen and example:

A

Molecules produced by the body; Recognition of tumor antigens

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26
Q

A ________________ stimulates a B cell to divide and produce _________________.

A

helper T cell; plasma cells

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27
Q

Which is the proper order of events in cell-mediated immunity?

1) Cloning of cytotoxic T cells and memory cytotoxic T cells
2) Antigen presented to cytotoxic T cell
3) Activation of cytotoxic T cell
4) Target cells attacked by cytotoxic T cells

A

2) Antigen presented to cytotoxic T cell
3) Activation of cytotoxic T cell
1) Cloning of cytotoxic T cells and memory cytotoxic T cells
4) Target cells attacked by cytotoxic T cells

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28
Q

Antibody-mediated immunity

A

B lymphocytes, MHC - II, plasma cells, antibody production, activation of complement

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29
Q

Cell-mediated immunity

A

cytotoxic T cells, used to destroy cancerous cells & virus infected cells, MHC - I

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30
Q

Both (antibody & cell-mediated)

A

helper T cells, memory T cells, APCs

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31
Q

What is the cell that is responsible for a secondary response to an antigen?

A

Memory B cell

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32
Q

A primary response occurs when B cells are first activated by an antigen.

A

True

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33
Q

In a primary response, B cells form plasma cells and memory cells. T/F

A

True

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34
Q

A secondary response is slower than a primary response. T/F

A

False

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35
Q

In a secondary response, memory cells form plasma cells and more memory cells. T/F

A

True

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36
Q

Cytotoxic T cells interact with target cells by recognizing

A

antigen-MHC protein complexes

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37
Q

Active natural immunity occurs when

A

an individual develops a disease.

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38
Q

Cell-mediated immunity is effective

A

in eliminating virus-infected cells.

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39
Q

__________ immunity is what we are born with and it is nonspecific.

A

Innate

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40
Q

This branch of the immune system contains __________ component.

A

no memory

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41
Q

__________ immunity is changeable and can adapt to better attack new invading antigens.

A

Acquired

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42
Q

This branch of the immune system contains a __________ component, where immune cells remember a previous exposure to a specific antigen.

A

memory

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43
Q

Which of the following effects is seen in immunotherapy treatment of diseases?

Directly attacking harmful cells

Inhibiting the immune system against self-antigens

Monoclonal antibody therapy against specific antigens

All of the choices are correct.

A

All choices are correct

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44
Q

Select all that are examples of how immunotherapy can help treat diseases.

Kill tumor cells

Alter immune system function

Inhibit the immune system

Promote inflammation

A

Kill tumor cells

Alter immune system function

Inhibit the immune system

Promote inflammation

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45
Q

Select all that are reasons why, as a result of aging, the immune system is less effective in its functions.

The thymus significantly increases in size.

Helper T-lymphocytes are less responsive to antigens

B-lymphocyte production is decreased.

The primary and secondary antibody responses are faster, with more memory cells produced.

A

Helper T-lymphocytes are less responsive to antigens

B-lymphocyte production is decreased.

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46
Q

Virus proteins and self-proteins are examples of proteins found inside of a cell. T/F

A

True

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47
Q

Foreign antigens presented on class I MHC molecules

A

stimulate cell destruction by cytotoxic T-cells.

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48
Q

Cytotoxic T-cells directly attack

A

cells that display foreign proteins on their surface.

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49
Q

Cytotoxic T-cells produce _______ which creates holes in the cell membranes of target cells.

A

Perforin

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50
Q

Cytotoxic T-cells interact with target cells by recognizing

A

foreign protein-MHC protein complexes.

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51
Q

When a virus infects a cell, some of the viral proteins are broken down into peptide fragments. T/F

A

True

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52
Q

Cytotoxic T-cells interact with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II proteins. T/F

A

False

Explanation: Cytotoxic T-cells interact with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I proteins.

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53
Q

Protein is usually a T-cell dependent antigen. T/F

A

True

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54
Q

Which of the following are needed for antibody production to occur with T-cell dependent antigens?

  1. Helper T-cell
  2. Cytotoxic T-cell
  3. B cell
  4. Cytokines
A

Helper T-cell, B cell, Cytokines

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55
Q

An antigen-presenting cell presents antigen to a T helper cell

A

on its surface, attached to an MHC class II molecule.

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56
Q

A helper T cell becomes activated by a(n) __________.

A

antigen-presenting cell

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57
Q

A __________ must become activated before it can stimulate a B cell to produce antibody.

A

helper T cell

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58
Q

Foreign substances that elicit an immune response are termed

A

Antigens

Explanation: Antigens are molecules that can elicit an immune response. They can be allergens like pollen, dust mites, or pet dander. They can also be from exposure to the wrong blood type. In addition, one’s own body has antigens to let the immune system differentiate its own cells from foreign ones. Failure to do this could present as an autoimmune disease.

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59
Q

Macrophages secrete __________ which then activates __________.

A

interleukin-1; helper T cells

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60
Q

Helper T cells can stimulate the proliferation of cytotoxic T cells but not that of B cells. T/F

A

False. Explanation: Helper T cells can stimulate the proliferation of both cytotoxic T cells and B cells.

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61
Q

The secondary response to a previously encountered pathogen is swifter and stronger than the primary response. T/F

A

True

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62
Q

Excess _____________ fluid is returned to the bloodstream through a network of lymphatic vessels.

A

interstitial

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63
Q

Fluid

A

Lymph

64
Q

Lipid Absorbtion

A

Lacteals, chyle

65
Q

Defense

A

Lymph node, spleen, lymphocytes

66
Q

Fluid moves from __________ capillaries into tissue spaces.

A

blod

67
Q

Most of this fluid returns to circulation, but some fluid moves from the tissue spaces into lymphatic __________ to become __________.

A

capillaries; lymph

68
Q

These capillaries are tiny, closed-ended vessels consisting of overlapping simple squamous cells that act as __________ to prevent the backflow of fluid.

A

valves

69
Q

The __________, which resemble small veins are formed from smaller vessels merging.

A

lymphatic vessels

70
Q

Lymph is first transported from the tissue spaces into the tiny, closed-ended __________.

A

lymphatic capillaries

71
Q

Lymphatic vessels from the right upper limb and the right half of the head, neck, and chest form the __________, which empties into the __________.

A

right lymphatic duct; right subclavian vein

72
Q

Lymphatic vessels from the rest of the body enter the __________, which empties into the __________.

A

thoracic duct; left subclavian vein

73
Q

The ability for adaptive immunity to improve the immune response to a particular pathogen over subsequent exposures is referred to as

A

memory

74
Q

Due to __________, blood flow to the damaged area __________ and brings phagocytes and other __________ to the area.

A

vasodilation; increases, white blood cells

75
Q

Increased __________ allows important inflammatory mediators to enter the tissue from the blood.

A

vascular permeability

76
Q

__________ is converted to fibrin, which isolates the infection by walling off the infected area.

A

fibrinogen

77
Q

__________ further enhances the inflammatory response and attracts additional phagocytes.

A

complement

78
Q

Substances that stimulate an adaptive immune response are called

A

antigens

79
Q

The __________ are responsible for the __________ immune response.

A

cytotoxic T cells; cell-mediated

80
Q

The __________ provide a secondary response and __________ immunity.

A

memory T cells; long-lasting

81
Q

The __________ can facilitate the activation of B cells or effector T cells.

A

helper T cells

82
Q

A cytokine released by macrophages that can stimulate helper T cells is

A

interleukin-1

83
Q

Events in order how helper T cells are activated to describe how helper T cells are activated.

a. Antigens are presented with MHC class II molecules, which bind the T-cell receptor of a specific helper T cell
b. The increased number of helper T cells can facilitate the activation of B cells or effector T cells
c. The helper T cell stimulates itself to divide when interleukin-2 binds to its interleukin-2 receptors
d. Daughter helper T cells resulting from the division greatly increases the number of helper T cells.
e. Antigen-presenting cells phagocytize, process, and display antigens on their surface
f. Interleukin-1 stimulates the activated helper T cell to secrete interleukin-2
g. Costimulation occurs

A

E, A, G, F, C, D, B

84
Q

The ability of cell-mediated immunity to resist __________ pathogens decreases with age. For example, the elderly are more susceptible to __________ and should be vaccinated every year.

A

intracellular; influenza

85
Q

Some pathogens cause disease but are not eliminated from the body; with age, decreased immunity can lead to __________ of the pathogen. An example is the virus that causes chickenpox in children, which can remain latent within nerve cells, even though the disease seems to have disappeared. Later in life, the virus can leave the nerve cells and infect skin cells, causing painful lesions known as herpes zoster, or __________.

A

reactivation; shingles

86
Q

Because viruses induce some cancers, interferons may play a role in controlling cancers. T/F

A

True

87
Q

Interferons activate B cells and T cells. T/F

A

false

88
Q

Interferons currently are not produced in sufficient quantities for clinical use. T/F

A

false

89
Q

Interferons can be used to treat hepatitis C and genital warts. T/F

A

true

90
Q

Interferons are not approved for the treatment of Kaposi sarcoma. T/F

A

false

91
Q

A monoclonal antibody is an antibody that is capable of combatting several different types of antigens. T/F

A

false

92
Q

Clinical uses for monoclonal antibodies are very limited. T/F

A

false

93
Q

Monoclonal antibodies are produced by injecting an antigen into a laboratory animal to activate a T-cell clone against the antigen. T/F

A

false

94
Q

One ideal characteristic of monoclonal antibodies is that the cells from which they are derived divide rapidly. T/F

A

true

95
Q

Monoclonal antibodies can be used to determine pregnancy. T/F

A

true

96
Q

What specific cell type is the effector cell for cell-mediated immunity (i.e., the cell type that destroys the antigen-containing cell)?

A

Cytotoxic T cell

97
Q

An infected cell displaying MHC class I/antigen complexes on its surface can activate ________ cells, leading to destruction of the infected cell.

A

cytotoxic T

98
Q

Which of following accurately describes lymph?

A

Lymph is the excess interstitial fluid that enters lymphatic capillaries from the tissues.

99
Q

Pathogens and cancerous tumor cells found in lymph are destroyed or retained by cells within the __________.

A

lymph nodes

100
Q

Lymph is prevented from flowing backwards by __________.

A

valves in lymphatic vessels

101
Q

A blockage of the right lymphatic duct may cause swelling of the __________.

A

right arm

102
Q

A blockage of the thoracic duct may cause swelling of the __________.

A

left arm. Explanation: The right lymphatic duct collects lymph from the right side of the head, right arm, and right side of the thorax and delivers it to the right subclavian vein. The thoracic duct collects lymph from the rest of the body and delivers it to the left subclavian vein.

103
Q

A wound triggers the complex process of __________.

A

repairing the skin

104
Q

How many steps are involved in the wound healing process?

A

3

105
Q

What is the correct sequence for wound healing?

A

Inflammatory phase, proliferative phase, and remodeling phase

106
Q

Which of the following initiates the clotting mechanism?

A

Platelet plug

107
Q

A keloid formation is a type of complication that can occur during the healing of a wound. T/F

A

True

108
Q

The process in which white blood cells eat debris and kill bacteria to reduce the risk of infection is called _________.

A

phagocytosis

109
Q

The restoration of the protective skin barrier is called __________.

A

epithelialization

110
Q

What phase of the wound healing process can leave an avascular scar?

A

Remodeling

111
Q

Keloids are composed of mostly __________, and are __________ growing.

A

collagen; slow

112
Q

What is the common initial treatment for keloids?

A

injections

113
Q

Keloids regress spontaneously and tend not to recur after excision.

A

False

114
Q

Which of the following cells are functional within the immune system?

A

Specialized WBC. Explanation: Specialized white blood cells, like T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes, can respond to antigens with a variety of difference mechanisms.

115
Q

The body helps to protect itself from antigens by producing __________ that bind to antigens, rendering them harmless.

A

antibodies

Explanation:
Certain white blood cells can produce antibodies, which can bind to an antigen, and take away its ability to be harmful. Typically, it takes one exposure for the body to learn how to make antibodies. For example, if you get chicken pox, you get sick. However, while you’re sick the body is making antibodies for the next time you become exposed to the virus that causes chicken pox. Next time you’re exposed, you won’t get sick.

116
Q

Rhinitis (nasal inflammation) can result from exposure to pollen, an antigen. This response by the immune system can be known as __________.

A

immediate hypersensitivity

Explanation:
When a body overreacts to an allergen, with local symptoms, it’s called immediate hypersensitivity.

117
Q

A reaction to the antigens present in bee venom could result in hypotension (low blood pressure) and dyspnea (difficulty breathing). This reaction is called __________.

A

anaphylaxis

Explanation:
When the entire body reacts to an allergen, not just the local tissues, this is a dangerous response called anaphylaxis. It may require an injection of epinephrine to counteract the hypotension and dyspnea.

118
Q

Lymph flow: Correct or incorrect

Lymphatic capillaries to collecting vessels

Left lumbar trunk to the thoracic duct

Intestinal trunk to the right lymphatic duct

Lymph nodes to lymphatic capillaries

Collecting ducts to collecting vessels

Right subclavian trunk to thoracic duct

Collecting vessels to lymphatic trunks

Lower extremity lymph to the thoracic duct

Thoracic duct to cisterna chyli

Right head lymph to the thoracic duct

A 
Correct
Correct
Incorrect
Incorrect
Incorrect
Incorrect
Correct
Correct
Incorrect
Incorrect
119
Q

Specific form of defense

A

B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, antigen presenting cells, antibodies agglutinin, complement, major histocompatibility complexes, cytotoxic t cells, helper t cells, memory t cells, cd4+ cells, plasma cells, immunoglobulin

120
Q

Nonspecific form of defense

A

Skin, neutrophils, hypodermal areolar connective tissue, stratified squamous epithelium, keratinized epithelium

121
Q

First line of defense

A

skin, mucosal membranes

122
Q

Second line of defense

A

macrophages, eosinophils, inflammation, fever

123
Q

Third line of defense

A

vaccines, humoral & cell-mediated immunity, MHCs, APCs, lymphocytes, antibodies

124
Q

Increase of inflammatory response

A

histamine & heparin release, complement fixation, hyperemia, basophil activation

125
Q

Decrease of inflammatory response

A

vasoconstriction of arterioles, hypoxia, reduced temperature, regulatory T cells, aspirin

126
Q

Fluid contained inside the lymphatic vessels is referred to as __________ and is similar to __________ in consistency and appearance.

A

lymph; blood plasma

127
Q

Originating distally in the tissues of the body, excess interstitial fluids are taken up by the __________ which resemble __________.

A

lymphatic vessels; veins

128
Q

Accumulations of lymphocytes embedded in connective tissue networks are called __________ and can be present in static locations or acutely accumulate in areas of infection.

A

lymphatic tissues

129
Q

The tonsils, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes are all examples of __________.

A

lymphatic organs

130
Q

The lymphatic system recovers fluids lost from the __________ via diffusion by collecting and re-circulating them into the cardiovascular system.

A

vasculature to the interstitium

131
Q

One disease condition that exemplifies the __________ function of the lymphatic system is __________ which is caused by parasitic blockages of the lymphatic vessels resulting in massive interstitial tissue edema.

A

fluid reclamation; elephantiasis

132
Q

Immune function occurs largely because lymph contains __________ and immunoglobulins which serve as powerful defense mechanisms against pathogens.

A

white blood cells

133
Q

Digestive function of the lymphatic system is provided by __________ in the intestines which are involved with the process of __________.

A

lacteals; lipid absorption

134
Q

Following musculoskeletal injury such as sprained ankle, medical professionals use the acronym __________ to detail the method of treatment from injury.

A

P.R.I.C.E

135
Q

In order to reduce the chances of further damage to the affected tissues, one is encouraged to __________ the injury with prophylactic devices like casts, splints, and slings.

A

protect

136
Q

By removing one from the conditions that caused the injury and reducing the movement of the affected areas, __________ is an important factor in further decreasing the chances of further harm.

A

restcompress

137
Q

Using __________ works to vasoconstrict the vasculature (arteries) of the injured area and thus reduce the amount of fluids reaching the injury and accumulating in the interstitium.

A

ice

138
Q

Using medical wraps will __________ the tissues which increases the interstitial hydrostatic pressure thus promoting the reabsorption of fluid into lymphatic vessels.

A

elevate

139
Q

It is also important to __________ the affected area above the level of the heart, if possible, which harnesses the forces of gravity to move fluids away from the site of injury and back into general circulation.

A

compress

140
Q

Four cardinal signs of __________ are recognized.

A

inflammation

141
Q

Erythrocytes arriving at the site and perfusing the dermis are visible through the skin which produces __________.

A

redness

142
Q

The increase in blood flow to an area of injury or infection brings __________ from the axial regions of the body.

A

heat

143
Q

With increase blood flow and leakiness of capillaries, fluids are delivered to the tissue faster than they are removed resulting in __________.

A

swelling (edema)

144
Q

Swelling increases the pressure of fluids and mechanical structures on adjacent structures and thus activating receptors for __________.

A

pain

145
Q

Interestingly, __________ do not directly attach nor destroy any pathogens, rather they bind to pathogens and in doing so render them incapable of causing an immune response.

A

antibodies

146
Q

Antibodies that bind to all of the surface antigens of pathogens exhibit _________ which prevents the pathogen from binding to and thus causing damage to human cells.

A

neutralization

147
Q

Antibodies bind to antigens sites on pathogenic cells and in doing so open binding sites and promote __________ resulting in a conversion of complement proteins to fight the pathogen.

A

complement fixation

148
Q

Antibodies that bind to more than one cell simultaneously can rapidly cause clumping or __________ to occur which prevents the pathogen from contacting and damaging human cells.

A

agglutination

149
Q

Small pathogenic molecules that are soluble are clumped together by antibodies binding more than one molecule simultaneously, making the molecule insoluble and less mobile. This is an example of __________.

A

precipitation

150
Q

Soluble plasma proteins known as __________ can be activated in three ways with the __________ mechanism requiring antibodies.

A

complement; classical or antibody-dependent

151
Q

The alternative and __________ pathways of complement activation can both be initiated __________ of antibody actions.

A

lectin; independent

152
Q

One way in which complement activation destroys pathogens is by C3a binding to __________ which then causes inflammation through histamine and heparin release.

A

basophils and mast cells

153
Q

By binding __________ to red blood cells, complement can serve as a promoter of __________ by transporting these elements to reticular tissue for removal.

A

antibody-antigen complexes; immune clearance

154
Q

Activated C3b can also directly attach to pathogens and later serve as markers for __________ through a process called opsonization.

A

phagocytosis

155
Q

Further cascades of reactions caused by C3b encourage the formation of __________ in the membranes of pathogens, causing __________.

A

membrane attack complexes; cytolysis

AnaPhy Lab (10 decks)

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