Obgyn disease

Question 1

if a woman was diagnosed with endometrial hyperplasia and ovulation dysfunction with no other abnormalities, How would she be categorized as per PALM COEiN RULE ?

Answer 1

she would be categorized as AUB P0 A0 L0 M1-C0 O1 E0 I0 N0.

Question 2

What type of nomenclature classification is used for abnormal menstrual bleeding

Answer 2

PALM COEIN

Question 3

What are the system involved in normal cyclic uterine bleeding?

Answer 3

hypothalamus,
the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland,
and the ovaries.
An intact coagulation pathway

Question 4

What are the steps of menstruation

Answer 4

1. Increasing estrogen levels secreted by the follicles within the ovaries result in proliferation of the endometrium.
2. Following ovulation, the corpus luteum continues to produce estrogen, but more importantly, the
   corpus luteum becomes the source of progesterone.
3. Together these hormones stabilize the endometrium and prepare it for implantation of a blastocyst, should fertilization occur.
4. If fertilization and implantation do not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates and the resulting drop in hormone levels lead to withdrawal bleeding.

Question 5

what happen if there is deficiency of platelet in menstruation ?

Answer 5

heavy bleeding or Longer duration).

Question 6

what is normal menstruation cycle?

Answer 6

Usual menstrual flow begins every 24 to 38 days with regularity (cycle-to-cycle variation 2–20 days)
lasts 4 to 8 days.

Question 7

The average volume of blood loss during menstruation ?

Answer 7

5 to 80 ml

Question 8

Define Abnormal uterine bleeding

Answer 8

Only on non pregnant women, bleeding from uterine corpus- abnormal duration/volume/irregularity, prolonged

Question 9

How is AUB categorized?

Answer 9

AUB may be acute or chronic and associated with heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) or intermenstrual bleeding (IMB;

n.

Question 10

What is the other name of AUB HMB

Answer 10

Menorrhagia ( formal)

Question 11

AUB IMB full form

Answer 11

Abnormal uterine bleeding intermittent uterine bleeding

Question 12

AUB IMB full form - what is the formal name

Answer 12

Metrorrhagia

Question 13

Define Metrorrhagia

Answer 13

defined as bleeding that randomly occurs between defined predictable menstrual patterns

Question 14

Is AUB IMB or AUB HMB symptoms or diagnosis

Answer 14

diagnosis

Question 15

FIGO classification to determine cause of AUB?

Answer 15

This classification is known by the acronym PALM-COEIN: Polyp (AUB-P), Adenomyosis (AUB-A), Leiomyoma (AUB-L), Malignancy and Hyperplasia (AUB-M), making up the PALM portion of the acronym; and Coagulopathy (AUB-C), Ovulatory disorders (AUB-O), Endometrial (AUB-E), Iatrogenic (AUB-I), and Not yet classified (AUB-N),

Question 16

What is AUB polyp

Answer 16

Polyps are hyperplastic overgrowths of endometrial glands and stroma that project from the surface of the endometrium

Question 17

How are AUB-P diagnosed?

Answer 17

ultrasound 
hysteroscopic examination (with or without histopathology

Question 18

What are the effect of AUB-P on post and pre- menopausal women

Answer 18

Premenopausal women with AUB and polyps are less likely to be diagnosed with an endometrial neoplasia as compared with menopausal women with polyps

Question 19

what type of polyps size are

Answer 19

Polyps less than 1 cm often regress in size within a year, as compared with polyps that are 1.5 cm or greater.

Question 20

Risk factors for USB- Polyps

Answer 20

Though the exact cause remains unknown,
genetic factors
age,
hypertension,
obesity, and
Tamoxifen use.
Increased estrogen and progesterone receptor concentrations contribute to the development of polyps.