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BMS 615 Cardiovascular > Test 2: Wk5: 1 Introduction to renal structure and function - Mangiarua > Flashcards

Test 2: Wk5: 1 Introduction to renal structure and function - Mangiarua Flashcards

1
Q

Balance Concept

A

amounts ingested and produced must equal the amounts excreted and catabolized

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2
Q

7 Functions of the Kidneys

A
  1. water and electrolyte balance
  2. BP and ECF Vol Regulation
  3. Excretion
  4. RBC production Regulation
  5. Acid-Base Balance
  6. VitD production Calcium and Phosphate balance
  7. Gluconeogenesis
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3
Q

The kidney consists of a — and — substance and a — that connects it with the ureter

A

cortical
medullary
pelvis

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4
Q

the medulla is subdivided into

A

inner and outer section

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5
Q

what is the functional unit of the kidney

A

the nephron

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6
Q

how many nephrons per kidney in adult human

A

1 million

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7
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

expanded blind end of the uriniferous tubule

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8
Q

Bowman’s Space

A

area receiving filtrate of blood

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9
Q

tuft of capillaries which nearly fills bowman’s capsule

A

Glomerulus

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10
Q

two types of glomerular mesangial cells

A

Phagocytic and nonphagocytic

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11
Q

Phagocytic glomerular mesangial cells do what

A

keep glomerular membranes clean and functional

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12
Q

Nonphagocytic glomerular mesangial cells do what

A

function as contractile cells to regulate surface areas and filtration

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13
Q

3 layers of glomerular membranes

A

1 endothelium
2 basement membrane
3 epithelium

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14
Q

Glomerular Endothelium structure

A

fenestrated capillary that is freely permeable to large molecules

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15
Q

Glomerular Endothelium function

A

screens out cells creating filtrate

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16
Q

Glomerular Basement Membrane function

A

barrier to large proteins and lipids

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17
Q

Glomerular Epithelium is composed of

A

podocytes

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18
Q

Glomerular Epithelium - Foot Processes

A

attached to basement membrane

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19
Q

Glomerular Epithelium - adjacent pedicels are separated by — bridged by pores

A

filtration slits

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20
Q

The proteins that make up the slit diaphragm between to adjacent foot processes do what

A

interact with intracellular proteins to facilitate filtration

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21
Q

Glomerulonephritis -

A

renal dz with bilateral inflammatory changes in glomeruli

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22
Q

Glomerulonephritis is characterized by (3)

A

1 decreased production of urine
2 Blood and Protein in urine
3 Edema

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23
Q

Nephrotic Syndrome is a

A

nonspecific disorder

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24
Q

Nephrotic Syndrome is Characterized by (4)

A
  1. severe proteinuria
  2. Hypoalbuminemia
  3. Hyperlipidemia
  4. Generalized edema
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25
Q

Nephrotic Syndrome is cased by various disorders that —. Mutations in several genes that encode for —

A

damage glomeruli

slit diaphragm proteins

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26
Q

Nephritic Syndrome is not a specific disorder and is clinically characterized by (6)

A
  1. edema
  2. hypertension
  3. hematuria
  4. elevated serum creatinine
  5. azotemia
  6. oliguria
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27
Q

azotemia -

A

increased blood urea nitrogen BUN

Increased Urea

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28
Q

oliguria -

A

low urine output

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29
Q

The tubule is made of —

— Junctions are present btwn adjacent cells

A

single layer epithelial cells

tight

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30
Q

Proximal tubule is connected to

A

Bowman’s capsule

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31
Q

what is the major site of reabsorption of filtered fluid

A

Proximal Tubule

32
Q

The proximal tubule is distinguished by its

A

large surface area

33
Q

the apical membrane of the proximal tubule has

A

extensive non-motile brush border of microvilli

34
Q

the basolateral membrane of the proximal tubule has — and —

A

multiple infoldings of cell membrane and basal projections

35
Q

proximal tubule basolateral membrane structure allows for

A

large lateral intracellular spaces/ channels

36
Q

the proximal tubule has a lot of — which line the —

A

mitochondria

basolateral membrane

37
Q

Henle’s Loop configuration results in

A

countercurrent flow of the tubular fluid

38
Q

Loops are close together and can influence

A

electrolyte and water transport in each other

39
Q

Distal Tubule returns to the cortex and makes contact with — and — of the renal corpuscle

A

afferent and efferent arterioles

40
Q

Distal Tubule is the site of the

A

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

JGA

41
Q

JGA 3 cell types

A
  1. Macula Densa
  2. Granular
  3. Extraglomerular mesangial cells
42
Q

Macula Densa Cells are specialized — cells located in

A

epithelial; late thick ascending Loop of Henle/ early distal tubule

43
Q

Macula Densa Cells provide information on (3)

A
  1. volume
  2. flow
  3. NaCl conc.
44
Q

Macula Densa Cells interdigitate with

A

the other 2 JGA cell types

45
Q

Granular cells are differentiated — in the walls of the — and —

A

SMCs

afferent and efferent arterioles

46
Q

Granular Cells secrete what hormone

A

Renin

47
Q

Extraglomerular Mesangial Cells exhibit

A

phagocytic activity

48
Q

Extraglomerular Mesangial Cells are similar to and continuous with

A

interglomerular mesangial cells

49
Q

Extraglomerular Mesangial Cells communicate with — via —

A

granular cells via gap junctions

50
Q

In the JGA the distal tubule is — than the proximal tubule

A

shorter

51
Q

The JGA is — to water

A

impermeable

52
Q

Collecting tubule system consists of (4)

A
  1. connecting tubule
  2. initial portion of cortical collecting duct
  3. cortical duct
  4. medullary collecting duct
53
Q

Collecting tubule system receives — fluid from — on its course from the — to the —

A

tubular fluid from distal tubules

cortex to the inner medulla

54
Q

several collecting ducts fuse together near the tip of papillae to form — which can drain — nephrons

A

papillary ducts of Bellini

3000

55
Q

— is the site of “fine tuning” tubular fluid composition which result in fine control of —

A

Collecting Tubule System

ECF composition

56
Q

Collecting Tubule System principal cells respond to (3 hormones)

A

ADH

ANP

Aldosterone

57
Q

Collecting Tubule System intercalated cells (2 types and their function)

A

alpha - H+ secretion

Beta - Bicarb secretion

58
Q

Does the kidney have vagal nerve supply

A

no

59
Q

the SNS innervates (3)

A
  1. SM of efferent and afferent arterioles
  2. Granular cells in afferent arteriole
  3. Basement membrane of proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, and collecting duct
60
Q

SNS stimulation of SM of efferent and afferent arterioles causes

A

vasocontriction

61
Q

SNS stimulation of Granular cells in afferent arteriole causes

A

increased release of renin

62
Q

SNS stimulation of Basement membrane of proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, and collecting duct causes

A

increased Na reabsorption

63
Q

The lymphatic network drains the — and is not seen in the — and —

A

cortex

medulla and papillae

64
Q

Blood Flow through the kidney

A

see slide 21

65
Q

Glomerular capillaries are located between

A

2 arterioles

66
Q

Glomerular Filtration -

A

the bulk flow of essentially protein free plasma from the glomerular capillaries into bowman’s capsule

67
Q

Glomerular Filtration (4 functions)

A
  1. occurs only in glomerulus
  2. no active transport
  3. sieving blood
  4. permeability selective
68
Q

Tubular Secretion

A

transfer of materials from the peritubular- capillary plasma to the tubular lumen

69
Q

Tubular Secretion (3 functions)

A
  1. highly selective
  2. active and passive transport
  3. occurs throughout nephron
70
Q

Tubular Reabsorbtion

A

transfer of materials from lumen of the tubule to the peritubular capillary

71
Q

Tubular Reabsorption (3 functions)

A
  1. highly selective
  2. active and passive transport
  3. occurs throughout nephron
72
Q

Water:
Filtered per day
Amount Excreted
% Reabsorbed

A

180 L

1.8L

99%

73
Q

Sodium:
Filtered per day
Amount Excreted
% Reabsorbed

A

630g

  1. 2g
  2. 5%
74
Q

Glucoes:
Filtered per day
Amount Excreted
% Reabsorbed

A

180g

0

100%

75
Q

Urea:
Filtered per day
Amount Excreted
% Reabsorbed

A

56g

28g

50%

BMS 615 Cardiovascular (49 decks)

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