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OCR A level Geog p2-Changing spaces making places > 3.a. The distribution of resources, wealth and opportunities are not evenly spread within and between places > Flashcards

3.a. The distribution of resources, wealth and opportunities are not evenly spread within and between places Flashcards

1
Q

What is social inequality

A
  • when uneven opportunities or rewards exist for people within a society exist for people within a society and between people of different social status or position
  • differences e.g. age exist in all societies
  • spatial inequality- social differences vary from place to place
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2
Q

What is quality of life

A

the extent to which people’s needs and desires are met

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3
Q

What is standard of living

A

the ability to access services and goods- includes basics e.g. food

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4
Q

What two key factors are significant in determing standard of living and quality of life

A
  • income
  • wealth
  • higher income tends to offer people greater choice in housing, education and diet but might not always lead to improved quality of life e.g. longer work hours
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5
Q

What is deprivation

A
  • when social inequalities lead to great differences between groups of people
  • lack of resources and opportunities
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6
Q

Physical indicators of quality of life and standard of living

A
  • quality of housing
  • number of heritage sites
  • level of pollution
  • graffiti
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7
Q

Economic indicators of quality of life and standard of living

A
  • access to leisure/services
  • income
  • employment
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8
Q

Social indicators of quality of life and standard of living

A
  • fear of crime
  • access to state housing
  • percentage of free school meas
  • access to facilities
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9
Q

Political indicators of quality of life and standard of living

A

-opportunities to participate in community life and influence decisions

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10
Q

Briefly outline the cycle of multiple deprivation

A
  • poverty (low wages of unemployment)
  • poor living conditions (poor accommodation)
  • ill health (stress and strain)
  • poor education (old schools)
  • poor skills (poor occupational skills)
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11
Q

The UK government uses an index of multiple deprivation to show levels of deprivation. What are the seven factors to give an overall measure

A
  • income
  • employment
  • health
  • education
  • crime
  • access to housing and services
  • living environment
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12
Q

Advantages vs disadvantages of the Index of Multiple Deprivation

A

+identifies most deprived areas
+compare larges ares
-identifies deprived people
-compare with small areas in other UK countries

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13
Q

Example of inequality at the intra urban scale- Salisbury- Bermerton Heath

A
  • 20% most deprived
  • 10% most for lack of education
  • 20% most for poor physical and mental health
  • 50% least for access to housing and services
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14
Q

Example of inequality at the intra urban scale- Salisbury- St Francis

A
  • 10% least deprived
  • 10% least deprived health
  • 10% least deprived for lack of education
  • 20% most for access to housing and services
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15
Q

Example of inequality at a local scale- Toxteth

A
  • 10% most deprived
  • 20% most deprived for education
  • 40% most deprived for crime
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16
Q

Example of inequality at a local scale- Lympstone

A
  • 20% least deprived
  • 40% least deprived for education
  • 40% least deprived for crime
17
Q

5 factors used to measure social inequality

A
  • income
  • housing
  • educaiton
  • healthcare
  • employment
18
Q

Factors used to measure social inequality- income- what is absolute poverty

A

US $1.25 a day purchasing power parity- a person cannot afford minimum amount of basic needs

19
Q

Factors used to measure social inequality- income- what is purchasing power parit

A

the cost of obtaining a particular good or service that varies from one country to another

20
Q

Factors used to measure social inequality- income- what is relative poverty

A

relates to the level of poverty to the distibution of income across the whole world
-UK- 13 million inhabitants in relative poverty

21
Q

Factors used to measure social inequality- income- what is a gini co-efficient

A

a technique that measures levels of income inequality within countries

  • lower the value the more equal the distribution
  • high countries- Brazil, Chile, South Africa
  • low countries- USA, UK, Italy
22
Q

Factors used to measure social inequality- housing- what is housing tenture

A

an indicator in social inequality

23
Q

Factors used to measure social inequality- housing- what are the 4 ways you can get a house

A
  • borrowing money e.g. mortgage
  • rent from private landlord
  • rent from local authorities
  • charities/housing associates providing subsidised accomodation
24
Q

Factors used to measure social inequality- housing- what are squatter settlements

A

where people have no legal right to the land they occupy

25
Q

Factors used to measure social inequality- education- what is the difference between formal and informal education

A
  • formal is provided by schools, colleges, apprenticeships and unis
  • informal can be gained by doing something in the home or workplace
26
Q

Factors used to measure social inequality- education- why are literacy levels used to measure inequality

A
  • they indicate inequality in education

- contrasts among countries in levels of literacy rates and gender equality

27
Q

Factors used to measure social inequality- health care- what affects access to health care

A

social inequality, location, levels of poverty

28
Q

Factors used to measure social inequality- health care- what influences poverty and ill health

A

number of health care professionals

29
Q

Factors used to measure social inequality- health care- how do we measure health care inequality

A

number of doctors per 1000 people

30
Q

Factors used to measure social inequality- health care- explain the UK post code health lottery

A

depending on where you live, the level of medical provision through the NHS vries

31
Q

Factors used to measure social inequality- health care- what also influenced health

A
  • access to clean water
  • effective sanitation
  • quality and quantity of diet
  • type of housing
  • air quality
32
Q

Factors used to measure social inequality- housing

A
  • regular income has an impact on the standard of living anf the quality of life
  • someone may be in employment but recieve low wages e.g. in ACs
  • in urban areas- people work in the informal sector
  • social inequality exists at all scales- individual’s life chances related to where they live
33
Q

How can the Human Development Index be used to measure social inequality

A

it is based on three things- income adjusted, life expectancy, education. It ranges from 1 to 0 and highlights the inequalities theat exist between countries

34
Q

Factors explaining spatial variations in social inequality- wealth

A
  • globally low incomes are linked to ill health, lower education level and poor access to services
  • lack of formal qualifications and low skills sets are major obstacles to raising income nd therefore reducing social inequality
  • cost of living is important
  • disposable income-key factor- the amount left over after tge essentials of life have been bought
35
Q

Factors explaining spatial variations in social inequality- health

A
  • sub standard housing, poor diet, unhealthy lifestyles and additional stresses living in poverty take their toll on human health
  • the distribution of health care services is uneven
  • groups such as the elderly have limited mobility which restricts access to health care
  • rural reas- facilities dispersed so access hard
36
Q

Factors explaining spatial variations in social inequality- education

A
  • achieving universal access was one of the MDGs- most governments invest in this to improve quality of life
  • illiteracy excludes people from accessing training and skills
  • access hardest for rural dwellers of LIDCs e.g. central African countries
37
Q

Factors explaining spatial variations in social inequality- housing

A
  • the smaller the income of a household, the less choice of housing they have
  • poor quality housing and overcrowded conditions create ill health- occurs when demand exceeds supply. LIDCs and EDCs- many live in slum housing e.g. Mumbai
  • homelessness is a growing problem in ACs- additional problem when house prices rise at a faster rate than wages. This can lead to a shortage of affordable housing ay the lower end of the market
  • rural areas- increases in 2nd home ownership have priced many locals out of the market
38
Q

Factors explaining spatial variations in social inequality- access to services

A
  • global scale- inequalities between societies in ACs, EDCs and LIDCS. One measure of access to medical services is the number of doctors per 1000 people- norway there are 4.1, Brazil there are 1.9
  • national scale- inequalities between regions. People living in core regions where wealth is high, tend to have good access to services. Those in peripheral regions suffer from limited access e.g. Cornwall
  • access to services influenced by- number of services, how easy it is to get to service, social and economic factors

OCR A level Geog p2-Changing spaces making places (11 decks)

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