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Psychology > Levine's study > Flashcards

Levine's study Flashcards

1
Q

What area is Levine’s study in?

A

Social

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2
Q

What is a collectivist culture?

A

Priority is given to welfare of one or more collective entities e.g. a tribe, they look out for and help anyone in the community

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3
Q

What is an individualist culture?

A

they focus on the individual and nuclear family

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4
Q

What is purchasing power parity?

A

an economic wellbeing measure of how much the average income earned in that country was capable of purchasing

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5
Q

What is a simpatia country?

A

A country where being friendly, nice, agreeable and good natured is prioritised over personal achievement and productivity

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6
Q

What are the three aims of Levine’s study?

A

To determine if a city’s tendency to offer non-emergency help to strangers is stable across situations over a wide range of cultures
To research whether substantial variation exists across the cultures studied (collectivist vs individualist)
To identify country-level variables that might relate to differences in helping

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7
Q

What were the variables by which the countries were measured in Levine’s study?

A

Population size - over 230,000
Individualism vs collectivism rating
Pace of life - downtown walking speed
Purchasing power parity - economic indicator

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8
Q

Outline the dropped pen condition in Levine’s study?

A

walking at 15 paces per 10 seconds - towards a lone pedestrian passing in opposite direction. When 10-15 feet, the experimenter ‘accidentally’ dropped their pen, in full view of the subject, and continued walking past them.

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9
Q

Outline the hurt leg condition of Levine’s study

A

Walking with a heavy limp and wearing a large and clearly visible leg brace, experimenters accidentally dropped and unsuccessfully struggled to reach down for a pile of magazines as they came within 20 feet of a passing pedestrian

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10
Q

How many men and women were helped in the dropped pen condition of Levine’s study?

A

214 men and 210 women

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11
Q

How many men and women were helped in the hurt leg condition of Levine’s study?

A

253 men and 240 women

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12
Q

What were the discarded tasks of Levine’s study? and why were they discarded?

A

Asking for change - Nobody was carrying change at the time

Dropping a letter - posting it on - There had been letter bombs recently

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13
Q

Outline the blind person condition of Levine’s study

A

Experimenters dressed in dark glasses and carrying white canes acted the role of a blind person needing help getting across the street. they attempted to locate downtown corners with crosswalks, traffic signals and moderate, steady pedestrian flow. They stepped up to the curb just as the light turned green, held out their cane, and waited until someone offered help. A trial was terminated after 60 seconds or when the light changed

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14
Q

How many trials were conducted in the blind person condition of Levine’s study?

A

281

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15
Q

Were there any parts of the world which were neglected in Levine’s study?

A

Africa, oceana and northern Asia

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16
Q

Which were the three most helpful cities in Levine’s study? What were their percentages of overall helping?

A

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - 93.33%
San jose, Costa Rica - 91.33%
Lilongwe, Malawi - 86%

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17
Q

Which were the three least helpful cities in Levine’s study? What were their percentages of overall helping?

A

Singapore, Singapore - 48%
New york, USA - 44.6%
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia - 40.33%

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18
Q

What were the percentages of helping for each condition in Mexico city in Levine’s study?

A 
Pen = 55%
leg = 80%
Blind = 92%
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19
Q

What were the percentages of helping for each condition in Sofia in Levine’s study?

A 
Pen = 69%
Leg = 22%
Blind = 80%
20
Q

To what extent was there a relationship found between population size and helping behaviour?

A

None

21
Q

To what extent was there a relationship found between purchasing power parity and helping behaviour?

A

There was a statistically significant relationship between PPP and both overall helping behaviour, and helping the blind person - lower levels of PPP tend to be more helpful

22
Q

To what extent was there a relationship found between Collectivist-individualist rating and helping behaviour?

A

None

23
Q

To what extent was there a relationship found between Pace of life and helping behaviour?

A

Although not statistically significant, there was a small relationship between walking speed and overall helping - participants with a faster pace of life less likely to help

24
Q

What were the two strongest correlations of Levine’s study?

A

PPP and Overall helping - -0.43

PPP and blind person - -0.42

25
Q

What were the two other sub-variables analysed in Levine’s study?

A

Gender - no difference between male and female
Simpatia countries - more likely to help than non-simpatia countries
simpatia = 83%
Non-simpatia = 66%

26
Q

What were the conclusions of Levine’s study?

A

There is a negative correlation between the PPP and the level of help given.
Cities from Latin american countries and spain showed higher levels of help than other cultures (simpatia countries)

27
Q

Which ethical guideline did Levine uphold?

A

Confidentiality - we know next to nothing about the people involved

28
Q

Which ethical guidelines did Levine break?

A

Consent - participants were unaware that they were in a study so could not give consent
Deception - led to believe that they were experiencing a real life situation
Withdrawal - they couldn’t withdraw if they didn’t know they were part of a study
debrief - weren’t debriefed

29
Q

Did Levine’s study have internal reliability?

A

Yes - All experimenters were dressed casually and clearly - were trained in what to do - had no verbal communication
No - It was still a different situation every time - there would be no way to fully standardise the situation

30
Q

Did Levine’s study have external reliability?

A

had a very large sample across lots of countries - 1200 incidences across the world

31
Q

Did Levine’s study have internal validity?

A

Not necessarily as it could have been investigating other things, such as morals or observation
It also only tested how men would be helped

32
Q

Did Levine’s study have External (population) validity?

A

Yes, as it took place in 23 different cities and many types of people within these cities

33
Q

Did Levine’s study have External (Ecological) validity?

A

Very good, participants didn’t know they were in a study, and was just on the street

34
Q

Despite being a cross-cultural study, Why could Levine’s study still be ethnocentric?

A

The use of objects such as canes, magazines and pens may be different from what some cultures are used to

35
Q

How does Levine’s study link to the free-will - determinist debate?

A

Participants chose whether to help or not

But was determined by PPP/culture

36
Q

How does Levine’s study link to the Nature-nurture debate?

A

No nature

Nurture - Cultural upbringing

37
Q

How does Levine’s study link to the Usefulness of research debate?

A

To tourists/travellers (business) - know whether or not they would be helped in certain places
charities

38
Q

How does Levine’s study link to the psychology as a science debate?

A

is objective, standardised and falsifiable

39
Q

How does Levine’s study link to the socially sensitive research debate?

A

Implications for low-ranking countries - reduction in tourism

40
Q

How does Levine’s study link to the reductionism-holism debate?

A

Only looking at city life - not rural

But had 3 conditions, 23 cities, and 4 variables for choosing cities

41
Q

How does Levine’s study link to the Individual-situational debate?

A

Morals - participant’s own choice

But were only put in that situation by someone needing help

42
Q

What are two similarities between Levine’s study and Piliavin’s study?

A

Both used role play/fake scenario situations

Both had large sample sizes

43
Q

What are two differences between Levine’s study and Piliavin’s study?

A

Levine is a cross-cultural study, whereas Piliavin was only in new york
They looked at different helping behaviours

44
Q

How has Levine’s study changed our understanding of responses to people in need?

A

Shown that community variables have on an effect on helping - culture and country can affect their levels of helping

45
Q

How hasn’t Levine’s study changed our understanding of responses to people in need?

A

Helping is based on the situation - overall levels of helping were fairly high which is the same as piliavin

46
Q

How has Levine’s study changed our understanding of Individual diversity?

A

Argues against Piliavin’s findings by showing that females are just as likely to help ad males (in a non-emergency situation)

47
Q

How has Levine’s study changed our understanding of cultural diversity?

A

Shows that there are cultural differences in levels of helping, particularly between countries that have a culture of simpatia and other countries

Psychology (44 decks)

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