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PSCL 101 > PSCL 101 - Test 1 > Flashcards

PSCL 101 - Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Frequency claim

A

Claims that describe the rate of a phenomenon

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2
Q

Association claims

A

Claims that describe the relationships between two variables

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3
Q

Causal claims

A

Claims that describe a cause - effect relationship between two variables

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4
Q

Metacognition

A

The ability to control & understand your thoughts

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5
Q

Patternicity

A

The tendency to see patterns in meaningless data

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6
Q

Illusory truth effect

A

The tendency to believe a false information after hearing it many times

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7
Q

Psychology

A

The study of the mind, brain, behavior

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8
Q

Confirmation bias

A

The tendency to favor information that supports our beliefs and deny information that contradicts them

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9
Q

Belief perseverance

A

The tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when we see evidences that contradict them

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10
Q

Deindividuation

A

A phenomenon in which you start doing violent acts in a group as a result of losing identity

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11
Q

Group polarization

A

A phenomenon in which a person who already has a strong opinion on something, meet like-minded peers, therefore develop an even more extreme opinion on that subject

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12
Q

Critical thinking

A

The ability to evaluate something in an open-minded and careful manner

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13
Q

Pseudoscience

A

A set of beliefs that cannot be falsify by designing experiments

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14
Q

In-group bias

A

The tendency to favor in-group members over out - group members

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15
Q

Out-group homogeneity

A

The tendency to view out-group members as highly similar and in - group members as highly diverse

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16
Q

Stereotype

A

A general belief about a group of person

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17
Q

Prejudice

A

A negative attitude toward a person just because they are a member of a particular group

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18
Q

Discrimination

A

The act of treating out-group members poorly

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19
Q

Scapegoat hypothesis

A

The tendency to blame someone else for your own problems

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20
Q

Ultimate attribution error

A

The tendency to attribute a person’s negative behavior to their internal weakness rather than the surrounding circumstances. And if something good happens, they will think that is luck

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21
Q

Just-world hypothesis

A

The belief that the world is fair and what happened to a person is what they deserved

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22
Q

Ethical laws

A

The rules of preventing physical and mental harassment

23
Q

Milgrim’s finding

A

People are more likely to do unimaginable things if they aren’t responsible for it

24
Q

Conformity

A

The tendency to change your thinking to fit in a group because they think it is a norm

25
Q

Groupthink

A

The phenomenon of thinking and making decisions in groups, therefore taking away the creativity of self - critical thinking

26
Q

Reciprocal determinism

A

The theory in which states that a person’s behavior is influenced by internal factors as well as surrounding social environment

27
Q

Social loafing

A

The tendency of an individual to put in less effort when they are a part of a group

28
Q

Social facilitation

A

The tendency to improve in individual performance when working with other people rather than alone

29
Q

Five factor model of personality

A

OCEAN: openness: openness to experience, contentious: discipline, organized, extroversion: sociable, expressiveness, agreeableness: cooperative, put people over self, neuroticism: experience negative thoughts

30
Q

Locus of control

A

How strongly people believe they have control over the events that affect their lives

31
Q

Sigmund Freud’s Structure of personality

A

Id, Ego, Superego. Id drives pleasure (sex and aggression), superego is moral conscious, ego balances id and superego (external show to the world)

32
Q

Iceberg theory

A

What’s above the water is conscious ( ego ), below is unconscious ( id and superego )

33
Q

Type of personality assessment

A

Structured (fixed answers)

Projective (ambiguous answers)

34
Q

Structured Personality Assessments

A

Place people into different group based on their answers

35
Q

Projective Personality Assessments

A

It is not a valid and correct way to measure personality

36
Q

PT Barnum effect

A

A phenomenon that occurs when individuals believe that a personality description only applies specifically to them

37
Q

Bystander effect

A

A phenomenon which states that people are unlikely to give a helping hand to the victim if there are a lot of people around

38
Q

People with Internal locus of control

A

People who think that they are responsible for their own success

39
Q

People with external locus of control

A

People who think that their success are based on external factors such as luck

40
Q

Which of the following sayings is a good summary of confirmation bias?

A. Seek and ye shall find
B. Hope springs eternal
C. There are known unknowns and unknown unknowns
D. Don’t confuse me with the facts

A

A. Seek and ye shall find

41
Q 
A football coach believes that if he bends down and eats a little of the grass every time his team is visiting another school's stadium, his team will have good luck. He has done this for two years and has yet to lose an "away" game. His tendency to believe he sees the world correctly, and that the world exists precisely as he sees it, is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. popular psychology
B. naive realism
C. common sense
D. a single-variable explanation
A

B. naive realism

42
Q

Professor Clark gives her students an assignment to develop hypotheses on global warming. To be consistent with a scientific method, students should develop their hypotheses based on __________.
A. their own existing beliefs about the issue
B. reports discussed on television
C. untestable predictions
D. a well-supported scientific theory

A

D. a well-supported scientific theory

43
Q

Which of the following is found in science but LACKING in pseudoscience?
A. the presence of difficult-to-understand jargon or technical information
B. reliance on anecdotal evidence to support one’s theory of human behavior
C. amazing, counterintuitive claims
D. self-correction of incorrect hypotheses and theories through research

A

D. self-correction of incorrect hypotheses and theories through research

44
Q

According to philosopher of science Sir Karl Popper, for a scientific claim to be meaningful, it must be falsifiable, which means
A. it has been proven to be false.
B. it can be tested to determine if it is false.
C. it predicts every possible outcome.
D. it is inconsistent with any conceivable body of evidence.

A

B. it can be tested to determine if it is false.

45
Q

Group polarization occurs when __________.
A. members in a group interact, but, instead of changing their minds about a topic, they keep their original ideas and strengthen those ideas
B. the group members do not interact, and the members reverse their decisions to the opposite point of view
C. social loafing is strong and deindividuation is weak
D. the members in a group interact, and based upon what they hear, they discard their original ideas in favor of the other group members’ ideas

A

A. members in a group interact, but, instead of changing their minds about a topic, they keep their original ideas and strengthen those ideas

46
Q 
A belief about the characteristics of members of a group that are applied generally to most members of the group is known as a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. cognitive miser
B. prejudice
C. stereotype
D. illusionary correlation
A

C. stereotype

47
Q 
Zimbardo concluded from his Stanford prison study that prisoners and guards adopted their designated roles more easily than anyone might have imagined because of \_\_\_\_\_
A. conformity
B. obedience
C. influence
D. deindividuation
A

D. deindividuation

48
Q 
Nabila was at a busy grocery store when she and many others saw a gentleman on the ground. She stopped to stare and thought to herself that surely someone had already called for help for this man. She decided that because so many people were present to see the gentleman, help was already on the way. Nabila's decision not to call for help can be best explained by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. groupthink
B. the diffusion of responsibility
C. social facilitation
D. the fundamental attribution error
A

B. the diffusion of responsibility

49
Q

Social learning theory, pioneered by Albert Bandura, suggests that reciprocal determinism is the _______.
A. tendency for people to ignore other’s behavior.
B. tendency for people to interact with others on social media
C. tendency for people to develop their own standards of behavior
D. tendency for people to mutually influence each other’s behavior

A

tendency for people to mutually influence each other’s behavior

50
Q

When she is not at the bar, Jayla preaches to everyone about the dangers of smoking. However, she does smoke an occasional cigarette when she is at the bar with her friends, although at those times she feels somewhat frustrated by her own smoking behavior. Jayla is likely experiencing __________ when she smokes.

A. groupthink
B. cognitive dissonance
C. social facilitation
D. compliance

A

B. cognitive dissonance

51
Q 
If Sylvia is described as being very sociable and easy to get along with, then she probably is fairly high on the Big Five factor known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. extraversion
B. neuroticism
C. openness 
D. agreeableness
A

D. agreeableness

52
Q 
Achak is upset. He tells his roommate that if his psychology teacher knew how to teach, he would not have flunked his midterm. In fact, "it's all their fault" is a commonly heard phrase from Achak. What locus of control is Achak demonstrating?
A. latent
B. reciprocal
C. internal
D. external
A

D. external

53
Q 
Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalysis focused on \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. “structures” of experience
B. the role of the unconscious
C. the role of mental processes
D. observable behavior
A

B. the role of the unconscious

54
Q 
For Freud, the moral guardian of personality is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. id
B. superego
C. ego
D. libido
A

B. superego

PSCL 101 (2 decks)

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