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chi282 - human anatomy 2 > Lecture 4- Spinal Cord And Spinal Nerves > Flashcards

Lecture 4- Spinal Cord And Spinal Nerves Flashcards

0
Q

Dural root sleeve covers ……….. ……..and becomes continuous with the………. of spinal nerves.

A

Nerve rootlets

epineurium

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1
Q

Spinal dura sac terminates at?

A

S2

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2
Q

Filum terminale projection of pia mater covered in dura mater anchors the?

A

spinal cord to the coccyx.

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3
Q

The spinal cord is the continuation of the?

A

Medulla oblongata

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4
Q

The spinal cord projects through the vertebral canal for what reason?

A

Protection

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5
Q

The spinak cord extends from foramen magnum to the lower border of …….in (adults),…… In(children)

A

L1 and L3

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6
Q

How much does the spinal cord weigh and what is its length in males and females?

A
  • Weight: 30g (2% brain weight)
  • Male: 45cm
  • Female: 42cm
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7
Q

The spinal cord terminates ……… And forms the ………….?

A

caudally as conus medullaris

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8
Q

Enlargement of the spina cord occurs where?

A

Cervical (C5-T1) and lumbosacral (L1-S2) enlargements.

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9
Q

Enlargements from C5 – T1 and from L1-S2 due to increased numbers of ……… ………. and ……….. going to upper and lower extremities.

A

Motor neurons

Interneurons

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10
Q

What spinal arteries supply the spinal cord

A

Spinal arteries:
• 1 x anterior
• 2 x posterior

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11
Q

Blood supply of spinal cord

A

Subclavian => vertebral => spinal arteries.

• Reinforced by segmental medullary arteries.

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12
Q

Attachments of the spinal cord do what and where? Also where do they arise from?

A
  • Suspend and anchor spinal cord within the dural sac.

* Arise from pia mater.

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13
Q

3 Attachments of the spinal cord are called?

A
  1. Denticulate ligaments
  2. Filum terminale
  3. Spinal nerve roots
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14
Q

Dent inculcate ligament attaches the spinal cord to the?

A

Dural sac

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15
Q

Two attachments of the Dural sac?

A

Filum terminale

Spinal nerve roots

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16
Q

Spinal cord segments are portion of the spinal cord giving rise to the …….. and ……..that ultimately form one ……….pair of spinal nerves

A

Rootlets
Roots
Bilateral

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17
Q

In the grey matter of the posterior horn contains, what type of neurons?

A

sensory interneurons

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18
Q

In the grey matter of the lateral horn contains what type of neurons?

A

preganglionic sympathetic neurons

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19
Q

In the grey matter of the anterior horn contains cell bodies of large ……… neurons that supply………. ………?

A

Motor

Skeletal muscle

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20
Q

Efferent motor axons project from ……… grey horn through ………. …….. rootlets to mixed ……… ……….and on to the effector muscles.

A

Anterior
Ventral nerve
Spinal nerves

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21
Q

Afferent sensory axons project from ……./……..through mixed …….. ……..back to the ……. ……..and on to the CNS.

A

Skin/joints
Spinal nerves
Dorsal root

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22
Q

All skeletal muscles have a tendency to contract in response to being ……..?

A

Stretched

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23
Q

Reflex arc occurs within the?

A

Spinal cord

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24
Q

Biceps brachii, c5, which nerve?

A

Musculocutaneous

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25
Q

Brachialradialis, c6. Which nerve

A

Radial

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26
Q

Triceps brachii, c7. Which nerve?

A

Radial

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27
Q

Knee-jerk (patellar), quadriceps fe pros, L4. Which nerve?

A

Femoral nerve

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28
Q

Ankle-jerk (Achilles), gastrocnemius soleus, S1. Which nerve?

A

Tibial nerve

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29
Q

Knee-jerk reflex
Tapping the ligament activates ……… …….. in the quadriceps. ……….. impulses from the spindles travel in the ……… ……. to the ………. segments of the spinal cord.

A

Muscle spindles
Afferent
Femoral nerve
L2-L4

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30
Q

Knee jerk reflex
efferent impulses are then transmitted via …… ……. in the ……. nerve to the quadriceps, resulting in a jerk- like contraction
of the muscle and extension of the leg at the knee
joint.

A

Motor fibres

Femoral

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31
Q

Divisions of the spinal cord white matter containing…….

A

Dorsal funiculus ( dorsal column)
Lateral funiculus
Ventral funiculus

32
Q

Dorsal column contains what two structures?

A

Fasiculus gracilis- Found at all cord levels

Fasciculus cuneatus- Only found at C1-T6

33
Q

Dorsal fasciculi

Mainly ……….. primary …….. fibres from ………………….. of body to CNS. .

A

Ascending
Afferent
Mechanoreceptors

34
Q

Dorsal column fibres synapse in nucleus gracilis or nucleus cuneatus in the ………. ………..?

A

Caudal medulla

35
Q

Dorsal column – medial lemniscus pathway
• 2nd order fibres arise from …….. ……. ……. and form the ……… ……… which projects through the brainstem and terminates in the thalamus.

A

dorsal column nuclei

medial lemniscus

36
Q

Dorsal column – medial lemniscus pathway
• 3rd order fibres arise in ……….(ventral posterolateral nucleus) and ascend to synapse in …….. ……… (primary somatosensory cortex).

A

Thalamus

postcentral gyrus

37
Q

Dorsal ascending tracts

Concerned with sensory function. Convey information from ……… And …… to the brain.

A

Trunk

Climbs

38
Q

Fasciculus cuneatus

Sensory axons from ……. ……..

A

Upper extremities

39
Q

Fasciculus gracilis

Sensory axons from …….. ………

A

Lower extremities

40
Q

Fasciculus gracilis

• Carries fibres conveying conscious……………. and ……… …….. …….from the ………..

A

PROPRIOCEPTION
FINE CUTANEOUS TOUCH
LOWER LIMB

41
Q

Fasciculus cuneatus

• Carries fibres conveying conscious…………….. and ……. ……… …… from the …….. ……..

A

PROPRIOCEPTION
FINE CUTANEOUS TOUCH
UPPER LIMB

42
Q

Fasciculus cuneatus is present in which spinal cord segments

A

Only present in spinal cord segments C5-T1.

43
Q

Anterolateral ascending tracts
Concerned with ………. function.
Convey information from ….. and ….. to the brain.

A

Sensory
Trunk
Limbs

44
Q

Anterior spinothalamic tract conveys ……. ……..sensation

A

Light touch

45
Q

Lateral spinothalamic tract conveys which three things?

A

itch, pain & temperature

46
Q

Spinothalamic tract
•…………… tract. Conveys information about pain and temperature.
• 1st order neuron sense ……../……… and end in posterior horn.

A

ASCENDING

Pain/ temperature

47
Q

Spinothalamic tract
2nd order neurons cross the ……….. and form the spinothalamic tract that ascends to the ……. nucleus of the thalamus.

A

Midline

VPL

48
Q

3rd order neurons project to ………….. cortex (postcentral gyrus)

A

Somatosensory

49
Q

Lateral ascending tracts

Concerned with sensory function.Convey information from trunk and limbs to the brain. Contains which two tracts?

A

Anterior spinocerebellar tract

Posterior spinocerebellar tract

50
Q

Spinocerebellar tracts
• Unconscious co-ordination of motor activities.
• Convey ……….. impulses from
muscles/tendons/joints to the ……………

A

Afferent

Cerebellum

51
Q

VENTRAL spinocerebellar tract fibres ascend ………….. to enter cerebellum through ……… ………… ………..?

A

CONTRA- & IPSILATERALLY

SUPERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLE.

52
Q

DORSAL spinocerebellar tract fibres ascend………….. and enter cerebellum through ……… ……….. ……….

A

IPSILATERALLY

INFERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLE.

53
Q

Anterior spinocerebellar enters through ……….. ………. ………

A

superior cerebellar peduncle.

54
Q

Posterior spinocerebellar enters through …….. …….. …….

A

inferior cerebellar peduncle.

55
Q

Destruction of DORSAL column => loss of proprioception and …………..causing ………….. (incoordination of muscular activity)

A

kinesthesia

Ataxia

56
Q

Summary of sensory pathways
• Proprioception, vibration, light touch ascend through ……… ……..
• Pain and temperature information ascend through ……….. ………..
• Decussate before passing through brainstem in ………… ……. then on to thalamus and terminate in …………. ……… ………..

A

dorsal column.
anterolateral pathways.
medial lemniscus
primary somatosensory cortex.

57
Q

Corticospinal tract
• Collection of fibres that descend from cell bodies in the …….. ………. of the ………. ………. and terminate in the spinal cord.
• Corticospinal axons decussate (cross the midline).

A

Motor areas
Corticospinal tract
Cerebral cortex

58
Q

Corticospinal tract
Damage to one cerebral hemisphere will results in ………….. ……… and weakness in the………….. arm and leg.
• Myelination of corticospinal tracts not complete until end of ……. year of postnatal life.

A

somatosensory deficit
contralateral
2nd year

59
Q

Lateral corticospinal tract
• “Pyramidal tract”
• Concerned with ……… …….. …….. ………. (primarily of digits and upper limb).

A

volitional skilled motor activity

60
Q

Lateral corticospinal tract

Originates from the premotor, precentral motor and ………… ……… ………

A

Postcentral sensory cortex

61
Q

Lateral corticospinal tract

Terminates via ………… on …….. horn motor neurons and sensory neurons of …….. horn.

A

interneurons
Ventral
Dorsal

62
Q

Anterior corticospinal tract
• Formed by descending fibres that ……… decussate at the pyramids.
• Concerned with control of ……. muscles.
• Synapses with ……… …….. …….. in ……… horn of spinal cord grey matter.

A

Don’t
Axial
lower motor neurons
Anterior

63
Q

Rubrospinal tract
• Arises in ……. ……. …… of the midbrain.
• Plays a role in control of …….. …….
• Anterior to ………. ………. tract.

A

contralateral red nucleus
flexor tone
lateral corticospinal

64
Q 
Vestibulospinal tract
• Originates in  ......... nucleus.
• Found at ....... spinal cord levels.
• Plays role in control of ........
• Located in ........ ......
A

Vestibular
All
Extensor tone
ventral funiculus

65
Q

Tracts that control movement of limbs:

A

 Lateral corticospinal

 Rubrospinal

66
Q

Control movement of trunk (posture & balance), head & neck orientation:

A

 Anterior corticospinal
 Vestibulospinal
 Reticulospinal
 Tectospinal

67
Q 
CNS = brain + ........
PNS = cranial + .........
A

spinal cord

spinal nerves

68
Q

Ventral ramus = ……….. body

Dorsal ramus = ………. body

A

anterolateral

posterior

69
Q

Anatomy of spinal nerve
• …… pairs of spinal nerves.
• Dorsal (sensory, afferent) &ventral (motor, efferent) rootlets unite in …… ……. ……..

• Part of PNS.

A

31

dural root sleeve.

70
Q

Anatomy of spinal nerve

• Emerge from ………. foramina.

A

intervertebral

71
Q 
Spinal nerves Contain axons of:
• Generalsomatic afferent
• Generalsomatic ..........
• Generalvisceral afferent
• ................,.. efferent
A

efferent

Generalvisceral

72
Q

Dermatome

• Area of skin supplied by a …….. spinal nerve (coming from single spinal cord segment).

A

Single

73
Q

Somites = ….. (bone), ……… (muscle),…….. (skin).

• Each spinal nerve retains it relationship with its somite during development.

A

sclerotome
myotome
dermatome

74
Q 
Important dermatomes
• Upper arm (lateral surface): C5
• Thumb: C6
• Middle finger:?????
• Little finger:????
• Nipple: T4
• Umbilicus: T10
• Big toe:?????
• Heel:??????
• Back of thigh:?????
A 
C7
C8
L5
S1
S2
75
Q

Dorsal root lesions will lead to …….. disturbances in dermatomes.

A

sensory

76
Q

Ventral root lesions will lead to ……. disturbances = weakness (paresis) because muscles usually receive innervation from……. segments.

A

motor

several

77
Q

Spinal nerve root irritation
• Pain in affected ……….
• ……… losses in affected dermatome.

A

dermatome

Sensory

78
Q

Spinal nerve root irritation
Motor deficits in “……….”
muscles.
• ……… associated with affected segment are diminished or absent.

A

indicator

Reflexes

chi282 - human anatomy 2 (16 decks)

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