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human bio > Unit 2: Book 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2: Book 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the heart? 💚

A

A muscular pump

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2
Q

What is blood?💚

A

Fluid connective tissue

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3
Q

What are the blood vessels ?💚

A

Arteries, veins and capillaries

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4
Q

Where does blood flow away from the heart in?💚

A

The arteries

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5
Q

Where does the blood flow back to the heart in?💚

A

The veins

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6
Q

What happens when the blood travels away from the heart💚

A

There is a decrease in blood pressure

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7
Q

What supplies oxygenated blood to all parts of the body💚

A

Arterial branches of the aorta

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8
Q

Where does deoxygenated blood leave the organs💚

A

Through the veins

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9
Q

What returns the blood to the heart💚

A

The vena cava

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10
Q

What provides the heart with oxygenated blood💚

A

The coronary artery

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11
Q

What returns deoxygenated blood to the circulation💚

A

The coronary vein

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12
Q

What is different about the pulmonary system💚

A

The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood and the pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood

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13
Q

What does the hepatic portal vein do🧡

A

Carries blood from the capillary bed of the intestine to the capillary bed of the liver

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14
Q

What is the lumen❤️

A

The central cavity of a blood vessel

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15
Q

What is the lumen lined with💚

A

The endothelium

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16
Q

What are thicker, veins or arteries💚

A

Arteries have a thick middle layer with more elastic fibres

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17
Q

What do elastic fibres do💚

A

Enable the artery to pulsate , stretch and recoil, thereby accommodating the surge of blood after each contraction of the heart

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18
Q

What causes vasodilation🧡

A

The contraction or relaxation of the smooth muscle

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19
Q

What is vasodilation🧡

A

The circular muscle in the arteriole wall is relaxed and the lumen is wider

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20
Q

What is vasoconstriction🧡

A

The circular muscles are contracted and the lumen is narrower

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21
Q

Where do veins carry blood❤️

A

Back into the heart

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22
Q

Are veins thinner than arteries, and why💚

A

Yes, as the outer muscular layer of the connecting tissue containing layers of elastic fibres in the vein are thinner than those in artery because blood flows along a vein at low pressure

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23
Q

What lumen is wider, vein or artery💚

A

Vein

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24
Q

Why are valves present in veins💚

A

To prevent the back flow or blood

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25
Q

How is blood transported from the arterioles to venules💚

A

The capillaries

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26
Q

What takes places through the capillary walls❤️

A

All exchange of substances between blood and living tissue

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27
Q

What are capillary walls composed of💚

A

Endothelium

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28
Q

What is plasma💚

A

A watery yellow fluid containing dissolved substances such as glucose, amino acids, blood cells, platelets and plasma proteins

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29
Q

Is blood arriving at the arteriole end of a capillary bed at a higher or lower pressure than blood in the capillaries💚

A

Higher

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30
Q

What is pressure filtration🧡

A

As blood is forced into the narrow capillaries, it undergoes pressure filtration

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31
Q

What does tissue fluid contain🧡

A

A high concentration of dissolved food, oxygen and other useful substances

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32
Q

Where does much of the tissue fluid return to❤️

A

In the capillaries at the venule end of the capillary bed

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33
Q

What does tissue fluid lack❤️

A

Plasma proteins, which are too large to be filtered through the capillary walls, so it has a higher water concentration then the blood plasma

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34
Q

Where are some of the tissue fluid absorbed by🧡

A

Thin walled lymphatic vessels

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35
Q

What is lymph💚

A

When the tissue fluid is in the lymphatic vessel it is called lymph

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36
Q

What is flow of lymph brought

about by💚

A

The vessels being compressed when muscles contract during breathing or body movement

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37
Q

What do larger lymph vessels have💚

A

Valves to prevent back flow

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38
Q

how do lymph vessels return their contents to the blood🧡

A

Via two lymphatic ducts

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39
Q

What is the heart divided into and what are they called💚

A

4 chambers, two atria and two ventricles

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40
Q

What does the right atrium receive and where does it come from🧡

A

Deoxygenated blood from all parts of the body via the Vena cava

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41
Q

What passes into the right ventricle💚

A

Deoxygenated blood passes into the right ventricle before pressing the heart the pulmonary artery

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42
Q

What do valves do💚

A

Prevent the backflow of blood

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43
Q

What valves are present at the origins of the pulmonary artery and the aorta💚

A

Semi lunar

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44
Q

What is cardiac output🧡

A

The volume of blood out of a ventricle per minute

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45
Q

What is heart rate💚

A

This is the number of heart contracts per minute which correspond to the pulse rate

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46
Q

What is stroke volume🧡

A

This is the volume expenses by each ventricle on contraction

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47
Q

How do you calculate the cardiac output💚

A

CO= HR (heart rate) x SV (stroke volume)

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48
Q

If a person is fit will the quantity of cardiac muscle present in their heart wall be greater or smaller💚

A

Greater

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49
Q

Is a fit persons stroke volume greater or smaller💚

A

Greater

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50
Q

What is the cardiac cycle💚

A

The pattern of contraction and relaxation during one complete heart beat

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51
Q

What is systole❤️

A

Contraction

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52
Q

What is diastole💚

A

Relaxation, during diastole, the god returning to the atria flows into the ventricles

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53
Q

What is the average length of one cardiac cycle

A

0.8 seconds

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54
Q

What happens when atrial pressure exceeds the pressure in the ventricles

A

The AV valves are pushed open and the blood enters the ventricles

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55
Q

What is atrial systole

A

during atrial systole, the two atria contract simultaneously and send the remainder of the blood into the ventricles through the AV valves to the ventricles which are still in a state of ventricular diastole

56
Q

What is ventricular systole

A

This stage involves the contraction of the ventricles and the closure of the AV valve, the pressure exerted on the blood in the ventricles causes the semi lunar valves to be pushed open as blood is pushed out through the SL valves, blood is then pumped out from the heart into the aorta

57
Q

What regulates heart rate

A

The medulla, it regulates the rate of the SAN (sino atrial node) through the antagonistic action of the autonomic nervous system

58
Q

What does the cardio accelerator Center do

A

Sends nerve impulses via the sympathetic nerve to the heart

59
Q

What results in an increase in heart rate

A

An increase in the number of nerve impulses arriving at the pacemaker via the sympathetic nerve results in an increase in heart rate

60
Q

What does the cardio inhibitor Center do

A

Sends its information via a parasympathetic nerve to the heart

61
Q

What does antagonistic mean

A

They have opposite effects on the same part of the body

62
Q

What releases adrenaline

A

Under certain circumstances, such as stress or exercise, the sympathetic nervous system acts on the adrenal glands making them release the hormone adrenaline

63
Q

What does adrenaline do to the pacemaker

A

Makes the pacemaker generate cardiac impulses at a higher rate- bringing about an increase in heart rate

64
Q

What does the sympathetic nerve release and what does it do

A

Noradrenaline which increases heart rate

65
Q

What does the parasympathetic nerve release and what does it do

A

Acetylcholine which decreases heart rate

66
Q

What does ECG stand for

A

Electrocardiogram

67
Q

Where does electrical activity generate in the heart

A

In the sino atrial node in the right atrium

68
Q

What are the three distinct waves in an ECG

A

P, QRS and T

69
Q

What does P mean on an ECG

A

P corresponds to the wave of electrical excitation spreading over the atria from the pacemaker

70
Q

What does QRS mean on an ECG

A

QRS represents the wave of excitation through the ventricles

71
Q

What does T mean on an ECG

A

T corresponds to the electrical recovery of the ventricles at the end of the ventricular systole

72
Q

How is blood pressure generated

A

By the contraction of the ventricles of the heart

73
Q

Where is blood pressure highest

A

In the large elastic arteries (aorta and pulmonary artery)

74
Q

What happens to blood pressure during ventricular systole

A

It increases

75
Q

What happens to blood pressure during ventricular diastole

A

It decreases

76
Q

What is blood pressure

A

The force exerted by blood against the walls of blood

77
Q

Where is the highest and lowest value of blood pressure

A

The highest value is in the aorta and lowest in the vena cava

78
Q

What does a sphygmomanometer do

A

Measure blood pressure

79
Q

What is hypertension

A

Hypertension is prolonged elevation of the blood pressure when at rest

80
Q

What is the typical blood pressure reading for a young adult

A

120/80 mmHg

81
Q

What is hypertension a risk for

A

Coronary heart disease and strokes

82
Q

What causes hypertension

A

Overweight, people who don’t get enough exercise, fatty diet, too much salt, excessive alcohol, continuous stress

83
Q

what is atherosclerosis

A

formation of plaques, or artheromas, beneath the inner lining in the wall of an artery

84
Q

what are atheromes made from

A

cholesterol but in time they become enlarged by the addition of calcium and more cholesterol

85
Q

what do larger atheromas lead to

A
  • reduction in the diameter of the artery lumen
  • an increase in blood pressure
  • larger plaques may become hardened by calcium and this causes arterial walls to become thicker and lose their elasticity
86
Q

what conditions can atherosclerosis lead to

A

coronary heart disease, strokes, heart attack, peripheral vascular disease

87
Q

what is thrombosis

A

the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) in a blood vessel

88
Q

how does prothrombin become thrombin

A

in the presence of damaged cells

89
Q

what does thrombin promote

A

thrombin prompts the conversion of a soluble plasma protein called fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin threads- eventually becomes a blood clot

90
Q

how does thrombosis happen

A

as an atheroma becomes enlarged it may burst through the inner lining of the blood vessel and this “wound” gets sealed by a blood clot, thrombosis

91
Q

what is a thrombosis called if it breaks loose

A

an embolus

92
Q

what is coronary thrombosis

A

the blockage of the coronary artery by a thrombosis

93
Q

what causes a stroke

A

a thrombosis that caused blockage in an artery in the brain may lead to a stroke

94
Q

what is peripheral vascular disease

A

peripheral vascular disease happens when peripheral arteries (other than the heart and brain) narrow due to atherosclerosis

95
Q

what is deep vein thrombosis

A

this is the formation of a thrombosis ( blood clot) in a vein, commonly in the calf muscle of the lower leg. this can result in a pulmonary embolism in the lungs

96
Q

what is pulmonary embolism

A

a clot may block a small arterial branch of the pulmonary artery. this results in chest pain and breathing difficulties

97
Q

what is cholesterol

A

a lipid found in cell membranes

98
Q

where does 25% of cholesterol production happen

A

the liver

99
Q

what do lipoproteins contain

A

lipid and protein

100
Q

what do lipoproteins do

A

transport lipids around the body

101
Q

what does a diet high in cholesterol do

A

increase in levels in the blood

102
Q

what are low density lipoproteins produced by

A

the liver

103
Q

what do low density lipoproteins do

A

transport cholesterol to body cells

104
Q

what happens to LDL cholesterol

A

it becomes attached to a receptor

105
Q

what happens when the cell has enough cholesterol for its needs

A

the synthesis of the new LDL receptors is inhibited by negative feedback

106
Q

what happens when LDL deposits cholesterol in the arteries

A

it may form atheromas

107
Q

where is excess cholesterol taken from and to and by what

A

taken from body cells to the liver by high density lipoproteins

108
Q

does HDL-cholesterol contribute to atherosclerosis and why

A

no because it’s not taken into artery walls

109
Q

what does a high ratio of HDL to LDL do

A

results in a decrease in blood cholesterol and reduced chance of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease

110
Q

what does a lower ration of HDL to LDL do

A

an increase in blood cholesterol and an increased chance of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease

111
Q

how may HDL levels be raised

A

by eating less fat and undertaking regular physical activity

112
Q

drugs that reduce cholesterol levels in the blood

A

statins

113
Q

what do statins do

A

they inhibit an enzyme essential for the synthesis of cholesterol by liver cells

114
Q

what is the normal glucose concentration in blood plasma

A

15 millimoles per litre

115
Q

what is the glucose concentration in blood plasma of a person suffering from untreated diabetes

A

30 millimoles per litre

116
Q

what is microvascular disease

A

when mini cells of a small blood vessel taken in more glucose and they thicken and become weaker and haemorrhage

117
Q

what effects can micorvascular disease have

A

damage the retina, damage the kidneys. affect the nerves

118
Q

what is an example of negative feedback control

A

the regulation of blood glucose level

119
Q

how much glucose is stored in the liver as glycogen

A

100g

120
Q

what cells produce insulin

A

receptors cells in the pancreas

121
Q

what is glucose converted into

A

glycogen

122
Q

what does the high concentration of insulin do to the liver cells

A

make them more permeable to glucose so they absorb more

123
Q

the glucose molecules join together to form glycogen and this does what

A

this brings about a decrease in blood glucose levels to normal

124
Q

what happens when glucose concentration drops

A

glucagon is released and transported to the liver

125
Q

what happens during fight or flight

A

the adrenal glands secrete an increase quantity of adrenaline

126
Q

what does adrenaline to to glycogen

A

promotes the breakdown of glycogen to glucose

127
Q

notes on type 1 diabetes

A
  • first occurs in childhood or early teens
  • ability of pancreatic cells to produce insulin is absent
  • cells in liver have the normal number of insulin receptors on their surface
128
Q

notes on type 2 diabetes

A
  • adult onset, sufferer overweight or obese
  • pancreatic cells able to produce insulin
  • cells are less sensitive to it as a decreased number of insulin receptors, normal conversion of glucose to glycogen is prevented
  • treatment included weight loss, diet control and in some cases insulin
129
Q

what is an indicator of diabetes

A

glucose in urine

130
Q

what is used to diagnose diabetes

A

a glucose tolerance test

131
Q

how does a glucose tolerance test work

A

after fasting, a person has their blood glucose level measured, they then consume a known mass of glucose. blood glucose level is monitored and glucose tolerance curve is produced

132
Q

how do you detect if someone has diabetes after a glucose tolerance test

A

a “normal” persons glucose level rises to a maximum then drops quickly well within the time period, a diabetics blood glucose concentration increases to a much higher level than non diabetics, and takes longer to return to its starting concentration

133
Q

what is obesity

A

obesity is characterised by the accumulation of excess body fat

134
Q

how to calculate BMI

A

body mass divided by height (squared)

135
Q

a BMI greater than what is used to indicate obesity

A

greater than 30

human bio (4 decks)

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