Chapter 11: Biotechnology Flashcards
What is DNA ligase?
An enzyme used to catalyse the bond between two pieces of DNA
What is the cutting tool used for DNA cutting?
Restriction enzymes
How are restriction enzymes named?
From the bacteria, they are derived
What are restriction fragments?
Smaller pieces of DNA cut by restriction enzymes at restriction sites
What are the cuts restriction enzymes can make?
sticky ends or blunt ends - figure 11.1.3
What are the steps in recombination DNA?
Isolating the DNA, cutting of DNA, DNA ligase joins segments and transformation
How is DNA isolated?
Plasmids are extracted by rupturing the cell membrane and walls. The DNA is isolated
How is DNA cut?
Restriction enzymes are used to cut plasmid DNA
How is DNA joined?
Plasmid vectors and DNA of interest are mixed together and their sticky ends. They must have complementary sticky ends and DNA ligase joins the two to form recombination plasmids
How does transformation occur?
Recombination plasmids are taken up by Bacteria and as they replicate so does the plasmid. This generates numerous copies.
What is the purpose of a polymerase chain reaction?
To make millions of copies of a piece of DNA
What is the purpose of gel electrophoresis?
To separate fragments of DNA.
What is gel electrophoresis used for?
Biotechnology, forensics, medical disorders or genes associated with particular illnesses.
What are the applications of DNA sequencing to map species’ genomes?
Medical diagnosis (cancer) and metagenomics (genetic material recovered from environmental samples)
What are the applications of DNA profiling?
Non-criminal identification (paternal or maternal test), forensic (criminal cases), identification of plants and animals and reproductive strategies of animals
