SocPop VLE Summative Qs

Question 1

What is the purpose of delivering a VBI? (2 marks)

Answer 1

Evidence based approach (1 mark)

which is more effective in triggering a quit attempt that just advising them to stop (1 mark)

Question 2

Name and explain the THREE components of a VBI for smoking? (3 marks)

Answer 2

ASK – establish and record smoking status
ADVISE – make a basic statement offering supportive treatment
ACT – offer help from a smoking cessation practitioner OR offer prescription for NRT if this option is preferred.

Question 3

Match up the letters to the numbers

a. Research
b. Clinical Audit
c. Service Evaluation

1. Never requires Research Ethics review
2. Measures against pre-determined standard
3. Designed to derive generalisable knowledge

Answer 3

a. Research - C
Designed to derive generalisable knowledge

b. Clinical Audit - B
Measures against pre-determined standard

c. Service Evaluation - A
Never requires Research Ethics review

Question 4

Why might someone choose to join the organ register even though the Organ Donation (Deemed consent) Act 2019 came into force in England in spring 2020? (1 mark)

Answer 4

Choosing to join the register is a clearer indication (e.g. to family and staff) of ones wishes in relation to donation than not opting out.

Question 5

A 55 year old man is admitted to ITU following a subarachnoid haemorrhage. Three days later a second set of brain-stem tests confirm that he has died. The man’s distraught wife and parents strongly object to his being an organ donor, even though he recently joined the organ donation register. Describe four different ETHICAL considerations that doctors should consider when deciding how to proceed in this case (4 marks)

Answer 5

• If a person has expressed an autonomous wish to be an organ donor no one should be able to override this wish
• We do not know how strongly this patient wanted to be an organ donor – merely joining the donor register does not fulfil the requirements of informed consent. Would have wanted to donate his organs in this case? e.g. causing distress to family.
• If this patient is a donor, many lives could be positively changed for the better or even saved. This outweighs the distress to the family members.
• If the families wishes are over ridden and other people come to hear about this, it might undermine trust in transplantation systems causing more people to opt-out leading to fewer organs being available.
• Doctors should behave with compassion towards the bereaved family members and not add to their distress
• Some relatives regret the decision not to proceed with donation. Many families find donation some comfort in their grief. It might be better for this family in the long run to proceed.
• The family’s initial refusal may not be well considered; it would be worth spending more time with them exploring their objections in the light of the patient’s stated wishes and all the benefits of donation. They may change their minds.

Question 6

Identify the four stages of the clinical audit cycle. (2 marks - 1/2 mark for each)

Answer 6

1. Preparation and planning
2. Measuring performance
3. Implementing change
4. Sustaining improvement

Question 7

What is Good Clinical Practice? (1 mark)

Answer 7

Any one or across multiple from:
• Internationally agreed and harmonized ethical and scientific quality standards
• Ensures that the rights, safety, dignity & wellbeing of participants are protected
• Covers trial design, conduct, recording & reporting
• Ensures credibility of data

Question 8

A student does a shout-out at the end of lecture to recruit for a sexual health study, responses would be handwritten and put in a communal box. Outline 2 ethical problems.

Answer 8

1 mark each for any TWO of the following:
• Recruitment is occurring in a public setting: lots of people will see who is volunteering
• People may feel pressure to volunteer (or not) depending on what their peers decide
• Asked to provide information on a sensitive subject in a setting where others might see
• The participants belong to the same year group as the researcher – it is possible
that the researcher will recognise the handwriting – affects anonymity
• Not secure – Easy for someone to gain access to the questionnaires

Question 9

Explain how the ethical problems from the sexual health study question could be resolved. (2 marks)

Answer 9

• Hand out the questionnaire and ask for it to be completed in private and returned
privately (e.g. by post) – anonymise
• Hand out information with a link to an online questionnaire that can be completed in
private – anonymise
• Online questionnaire (more anonymous – no handwritten replies)
• More secure method of return of completed questionnaires (e.g. posted) or online
questionnaire.
• Other creative answers

Question 10

Define the term social stigma (1 mark)

Answer 10

• presence of an attribute/condition that discredits its possessor or
• when an individual or group are labelled in a way that hurts their standing in society.

Question 11

What is an enacted stigma? (1 mark)

Answer 11

Real (or lived) experience of negative attitudes discrimination.

Question 12

What is felt stigma? (1 mark)

Answer 12

Fear that prejudice or discrimination may occur due to an attribute/condition.