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Cross Sectional Anatomy > Thorax structures & functions > Flashcards

Thorax structures & functions Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 parts of the sternum?

A

Manubrium, body & xiphoid

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2
Q

What are the 2 functions of the thoracic cage?

A

To protect the thoracic contents & provide flexibility for the movement involved in respiration.

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3
Q

What are the 3 contents of the ‘thoracic cavity’?

A

Mediastinum, lungs & pleura & diaphragm.

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4
Q

What structures does the thoracic inlet contain? (4)

A

Trachea, oesophagus, apices of lungs & neurovascular structures passing to/from upper head & upper limb.

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5
Q

What structures is the thoracic inlet bounded by?

A

T1 vertebra posteriorly
1st ribs & costal cartilages laterally
Superior border of manubrium anteriorly.

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6
Q

What structures is the thoracic outlet bounded by?

A

Xiphoid process anteriorly
Costal margins of ribs 7-10
Ribs 11 & 12
T12 vertebra posteriorly

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7
Q

What structures attach to the manubrium of the sternum?

A

Clavicles & first & upper parts of 2nd costal cartilages.

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8
Q

At what level is the manubriosternal joint?

A

T4/T5

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9
Q

At what level is the body of the sternum?

A

T5-T8

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10
Q

What costal cartilages does the body of the sternum receive?

A

3rd-7th

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11
Q

What part of the sternum is cartilaginous until it ossifies in adults?

A

Xiphoid process

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12
Q

1-7th ribs = ____ ribs
8-10th ribs = ____ ribs
11-12th = ____ ribs

A

true
false
floating

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13
Q

What part of the rib joins it to the body of the vertebra?

A

Head

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14
Q

How many articular facets do ribs 3-9 have?

A

2

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15
Q

How many articular facets does the 10th rib have?

A

1

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16
Q

The _____of the rib forms the joint to the transverse process of the vertebra

A

Tubercle

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17
Q

Where is the costal groove of the rib located?

A

Inferior edge @ internal aspect of rib

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18
Q

What rib is uncommon?

A

Cervical rib

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19
Q

Whats a problem with the presence of a cervical rib?

A

Compression of the neurovascular structures, e.g. subclavian artery/ brachial plexus

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20
Q

Laminae connect the _____ processes with the ____ processes

A

transverse

spinous

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21
Q

What structures of the vertebrae form the intervertebral foramina?

A

The superior & inferior articular processes from adjoining vertebrae

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22
Q

In relation to the thoracic vertebra, transverse processes are for ____ ______ with the ribs. Long spinal processes point ______ sharply. ____ thickness of vert. disc compared to lumbar & cervical. Superior articular facets face back & lateral, limiting ______/_____ & _____ flexion movements

A 
joint formation
downwards
medium
flexion/extension
lateral
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23
Q

The ______ is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity which lies between the right & left lungs.

A

mediastinum

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24
Q

What does the mediastinum NOT contain?

A

lungs

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25
Q

Name the 4 compartments of the mediastinum

A

Superior mediastinum
anterior
middle
posterior

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26
Q

The superior mediastinum contains:
t___ (in children), vessels incl. a___ of a____, t____, o_____, t____ duct, v____ nerves, l____ r_____ l_____ nerve, p____ nerves.

A 
thymus
arch of aorta
trachea
oesophagus
thoracic
vagus
left recurrent laryngeal
phrenic
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27
Q

Anterior mediastinum contains:
t_____ (in children)
c______ tissues & f__

A

thymus
connective tissues
fat

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28
Q

Middle mediastinum contains:

h____, p____, p____ nerve

A

Heart, pericardium, phrenic

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29
Q

Posterior mediastinum contains:

t_____ a____, t____ duct, a___ & h_____ veins, o______

A

thoracic aorta, thoracic duct, azygos & hemiazygos veins & oesophagus

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30
Q

Where is the ascending aorta located? level of costal cartilage _ to _

A

Middle mediastinum

3 to 2

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31
Q

The ascending aorta ascends from the a_____ o____ of l___ v_____ to aortic arch

A

Aortic orifice

left ventricle

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32
Q

What is the ascending aorta covered by?

A

Pericardium

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33
Q

What arteries branch out from the ascending aorta?

A

coronary arteries

34
Q

Where is the aortic arch located?

A

Superior mediastinum

35
Q

What are the 3 branches of the aortic arch?

A
  1. Brachiocephalic trunk
  2. Left common carotid artery
  3. Left subclavian artery
36
Q

At what level does the descending aorta commence?

A

Level of T4/T5.

37
Q

The descending aorta is located in the _____ mediastinum. It descends left side of the T_ -T__ vertebrae.

A

posterior

t5-t12

38
Q

Where does the descending aorta enter the abdomen?

A

Aortic hiatus

39
Q

What 5 structures does the descending aorta distribute to? (i____ s_____, b____, o_____, p______, d______)

A 
Intercostal spaces
bronchus
oesophagus
pericardium
diaphragm
40
Q

The right posterior intercostal vein drains into what vein?

A

Azygos vein

41
Q

The left posterior intercostal vein drains into which 2 veins?

A

Hemiazygos/ accessory hemiazygos.

42
Q

Where does the azygos vein begin?

A

Abdomen

43
Q

The azygos vein is a continuation of the right a______ l_____ v______

A

Ascending lumbar vein

44
Q

What structure does the azygos vein drain into and at what level?

A

Superior vena cava

level of sternal angle

45
Q

The brachiocephalic veins are formed by the union of what veins (2)?

A

Subclavian & internal jugular

46
Q

What structures form the superior vena cava?

A

Brachiocephalic veins

47
Q

Do the brachiocephalic veins have valves?

A

No

48
Q

Which of the two brachiocephalic veins is longer?

A

Left

49
Q

What does the thoracic duct start as in the abdomen? (c___ c___)

A

cisterna chyli

50
Q

The thoracic duct carries lymph from the whole body except from what parts? (3)q

A

Right side of thorax, right upper limb, right side of head & neck

51
Q

What is the thoracic duct?

A

Large lymph duct

52
Q

Where does the thoracic duct enter?

A

The junction of the subclavian and internal jugular veins

53
Q

Where does the oesophagus extend from?

A

The level of the lower border of cricoid cartilage to the cardiac orifice of stomach.

54
Q

What supplies the oesophagus?

A

Inferior thyroid artery, branches of thoracic aorta & gastric artery

55
Q

How long is the oesophagus?

A

25cm

56
Q

How long is the trachea?

A

12cm

57
Q

Where does the trachea extend from?

A

level of inferior border of cricoid cartilage at C6 - T4/5 where it bifurcates at the level of the sternal angle to form right and left bronchi.

58
Q

How many U-shaped cartilages are there in the trachea roughly?

A

15-20

59
Q

What structure does the oesophagus receive its blood supply from?

A

Inferior thyroid artery

60
Q

Which of the two bronchi gives off branches before entering hilum of lung?

A

Right main bronchus

61
Q

How many lobar bronchi does the right main bronchus give off?

A

3

62
Q

How many lobar bronchi does the left main bronchus give off?

A

2

63
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

A

3

64
Q

What 2 fissures does the right lung contain?

A

Oblique & horizontal

65
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have and what’s the name of the fissure?

A

2, oblique

66
Q

What’s the name of the little part of the left lung that corresponds anatomically to the right lung’s middle lobe?

A

Lingula

67
Q

Name 2 important parts of the left lung

A

Lingula & cardiac notch

68
Q

How many segments are in the right lung?

A

10

69
Q

How many segments are in the left lung?

A

9

70
Q

What vertebra and costal cartilage does the oblique fissure correspond with?

A

5th vertebra

6th CC

71
Q

What costal cartilage does the horizontal fissure correspond with and what rib does it meet the oblique fissure?

A

4th CC

5th rib

72
Q

What rib corresponds with horizontal fissure?

A

4th rib

73
Q

What ribs correspond with oblique fissure?

A

5th & 6th ribs

74
Q

What ribs correspond with base of lung?

A

8th & 9th ribs

75
Q

What rib corresponds with the inferior margin of parietal pleura?

A

9th rib

76
Q

Name the 2 layers of the pleura

A

Parietal & visceral

77
Q

What does the parietal pleura attach to?

A

Chest wall, diaphragm & lateral aspect of mediastinum.

78
Q

What does the visceral pleura attach to?

A

The outer surface of the lungs including fissures.

79
Q

Where do the 2 parietal layers become continuous?

A

Hilum of the lungs

80
Q

What’s the function of pleural fluid?

A

Act as a lubricant during respiration

81
Q

What is a pleural recess?

A

Space where the two parietal layers become opposed/distant

82
Q

Name 2 pleural recesses

A

Costodiaphragmatic recess

Costomediastinal recess

Cross Sectional Anatomy (6 decks)

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