Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Ecology 2227 > Chapter 9 Population Distribution & Abundance > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Population Distribution & Abundance Flashcards

1
Q

Mountain tops and river basins are considered to be _________ boundaries, while countries and parks are considered to be _________ boundaries to populations.

A

natural

artificial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which of the following would be areas where population biology would inform decision making?

A

response to epidemics

pest control

wildlife management

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which of the following are considered to be characteristics of populations?

A

density

spacing

growth rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

There are limits to how much organisms can compensate for ______ variation.

A

environmental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The environmental limits of a species are considered to be the species’ ______.

A

niche

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

A population is defined as ______.

A

members of a species living in a defined area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The difference between the realized and the fundamental niche is the additional requirement of
________ factors as part of the definition of the
________ niche.

A

biotic

realized niche

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The greatest threat to biological diversity and integrity of the biosphere is the growth of ______ populations.

A

human population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The number of individuals per unit area is known as ______.

A

density

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Behavioral, physiological, and anatomical characteristics interact with the ______ to influence the geographical distribution of populations.

A

environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

To an ecologist, niche summarizes the environmental characteristics that influence the ______, ______, and ______ of a species.

A

growth

survival

reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Through which of the following factors may climate be indirectly influencing the distributions of kangaroo species?

A

water supply

food production

habitat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The difference between Grinnel’s niche concept and that of Elton was the inclusion of ______ factors in Elton’s definition.

A

abiotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Match the kangaroo species to its biome. This match will reflect the factors that control their distribution.

Eastern Grey -
Western Grey -
Red -

A

Temperate and tropical forests

Mediterranean wood- and shrub land

Savannah and desert

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The presence of tiger beetles on southern mountain tops can be explained by climate change associated with ______. (Select all that apply.)

A

glacial retreat

global warming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Schultz found that measurements of water loss, metabolic rates and temperature preferences _________ between the populations of C. longilabris.

A

were similar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Precipitation may be ______ influencing the distribution of kangaroos through other factors such as food production, habitat, and even pathogens or parasites.

A

indirectly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The climate found at higher elevations is most similar to that of ______.

A

boreal forests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Even though they have a similar distribution, locally, E. frutescens and E. farinosa differ in the ______ they are found in.

A

microclimates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The movement of tiger beetles northward and to higher elevations as a result of climatic warming is supported by evidence from ____________.

A

the fossil record

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The larvae of Balanus are found at ______ levels of the intertidal zone compared to Chthamalus.

A

similar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Schultz found that for the tiger beetle C. longilabris, metabolic rates were ______ and preferred temperatures ______ than for other species of tiger beetles.

A

higher; lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Variation in leaf pubescence (“hairiness”) of Encelia species varied in relationship to ______ along the gradient that Ehleringer and Clark studied.

A

moisture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

In response to competitive interactions in the experiments by Connell and in nature, the spatial distribution of Chthamalus can be considered to be a ______ niche.

A

realized niche

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The difference in pubescence between E. farinosa and E. frutescens results in ______ by E. frutescens in order to prevent overheating.

A

greater transpiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

When talking about the distributions of organisms, “large-scale” versus “small-scale” refers to ______ change relative to the size of the organism.

A

environmental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Connell found that the upper limits to the distributions of the intertidal barnacles are determined by susceptibility to ______.

A

dessication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Animals living near watering holes would be an example of a ______ distribution.

A

clumped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

On a mountain slope, where environmental change occurs quickly with changes in elevation, a “small-scale process” would be a ______ land area than an area where environmental change was more gradual.

A

smaller

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Attraction between individuals would produce a more ______ distribution.

A

clumped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Match the distribution pattern to its description.

Random -
Regular -
Clumped -

A

Individuals have equal chance of being found anywhere

Individuals occur at equally spaced intervals

Individuals have a greater chance of being found at specific locations

32
Q

Hubbell and Johnson observed that ______ bees tended to forage in groups and ______ bees foraged singly or in small groups.

A

aggressive; nonaggressive

33
Q

Within their study area, Hubbell and Johnson found that potential bee nest trees were located in a ______ pattern.

A

random

34
Q

Pheromones are ______ produced by organisms to communicate with other members of their species.

A

chemical substances

35
Q

When swarms from different hives battled over a POTENTIAL nest site, they engaged in ______ combat.

A

ritualized

36
Q

Patterns of distribution are driven by a combination of

______ and ______ interactions.

A

environmental / biotic

social / abiotic

37
Q

What happened between creosote bushes that was thought to be the cause of their pattern of distribution?

A

competition

38
Q

Pheromones are chemicals used by organisms to ______ other organisms.

A

communicate with

39
Q

When bees from different hives battled over an OCCUPIED nest site, they engaged in ______ combat.

A

mortal

40
Q

In trying to explain the distribution patterns of creosote bushes, Phillips and MacMahon mapped sites that varied in ______ and ______ but were similar in ______ and ______.

A

temperature; precipitation; soil; slope

41
Q

Large creosote bushes appear to have a(n) ______ distribution.

A

regular

42
Q

During the course of their growth, Phillips and McMahon found that the distribution pattern of creosote bushes ______.

A

changes as they grow

(small, young) clumped, (medium) random, (large) regular

43
Q

A proposed explanation for the distribution of creosote bushes is ______ competition.

A

below ground

44
Q

In support of their hypothesis, Brisson and Reynolds found that the overlap of roots between adjacent plants was ______ the expected overlap if the plants simply had a circular pattern of root growth.

A

less than

45
Q

Research prior to Phillips and MacMahon indicated that creosote bush distribution was driven by ______.

A

moisture

46
Q

The germination of seeds at “safe sites” was part of the reason for the ______ distribution of young creosote bushes.

A

clumped

47
Q

Regardless of species, Root’s analysis of the Christmas Bird Count data showed that birds have ______ distributions at continental scales.

A

clumped

48
Q

Brisson and Reynolds hypothesized that the distribution of creosote bushes would reflect ______ overlap of roots from nearby individuals.

A

reduced

49
Q

The change in distribution of creosote bushes from clumped to regular as they grow larger can also be thought of as a change in distribution reflecting the change from ______ to ______ niches.

A

fundamental; realized

50
Q

True or false: From its name, you would expect fish crows to have hot spots near coastal locations.

A

true

51
Q

Areas of high density for a species identified in the annual Christmas Bird Count are referred to as ______.

A

hot spots

52
Q

One of the criticisms of Root’s analysis of bird distributions was that it only looked at data from a time when the birds were on their ______ grounds.

A

wintering

53
Q

Based on the role of social attraction to promote clumped distributions, you could understand why populations were clumped during breeding seasons. However, clumped wintering distributions are most likely due to the presence of ______ in specific locations rather than social attraction.

A

critical resources

54
Q

Whittaker and Neiring studied plant distributions along ______ and ______ gradients in the mountains of Arizona.

A

moisture; elevation

55
Q

In both Arizona and Great Smoky Mountains, particular tree species occurred ______ along the continuous environmental gradients from valleys to mountain tops.

A

at specific locations

56
Q

In general, population densities ______ body size.

A

decrease with

57
Q

Brown et al. looked at bird distributions when they were in their ______ grounds.

A

breeding

58
Q

Root et al. found that over half the bird populations occurred in less than 25% of the sites sampled. This would indicate that the birds had a ______ distribution.

A

clumped

59
Q

True or false: In their study, Whittaker and Neiring found Saguaro cacti growing in higher mountain locations.

A

false

Saguaro cacti grow in the hotter and dried lower elevation deserts.

60
Q

In a biodiversity survey of the Great Plains, you would expect to find ______ numbers of field mice compared to bison in a defined sample area.

A

greater

61
Q

In Damuth’s study, population densities and body sizes spanned _______ orders of magnitude.

A

5

62
Q

Peters and Wassenberg expanded upon Damuth’s research on density and body size by looking at which of the following in addition to herbivorous mammals?

A

birds

invertebrates

poikilothermic vertebrates

63
Q

The three factors used for Rabinowitz’s rarity classification system for species include ______.

A

geographic range

habitat tolerance

local population size

64
Q

Aquatic invertebrates tend to have ______ densities given their body’s size compared to other organisms in the study.

A

higher

65
Q

For many organisms, there is a positive relationship between population size and range. This means that you would expect a small population to have a ______ range as compared to a larger population.

A

smaller

66
Q

Unlike animals, plant population densities decrease as individual plants grow older. This process is known as ______.

A

self-thinning

67
Q

Peregrine falcons had ______ and ______ but low population density, resulting in an increased risk of extinction.

A

broad habitat tolerance

extensive geographic range

68
Q

Rabinowitz’s rarity classification system is designed to evaluate whether a population is at risk for ______.

A

extinction

69
Q

Tigers are at risk of extinction because of which one of Rabinowitz’s risk factors?

A

small population size

70
Q

Passenger pigeons went extinct as a result of which one of Rabinowitz’s risk factors?

A

narrow habitat tolerance

71
Q

One of the environmental factors thought to affect the relationship between range and population size is ______.

A

habitat tolerance

72
Q

Island species are at extremely high risk for extinction due to which of Rabinowitz’s risk factors?

A

small population size

narrow habitat tolerance

restricted range

73
Q

Peregrine falcons are at risk of extinction because of which one of Rabinowitz’s risk factors?

A

small population size

74
Q

Like peregrine falcons, tigers had ______ and ______ but low population density, resulting in an increased risk of extinction.

A

extensive geographic range

broad habitat tolerance

75
Q

The harelip sucker went extinct as a result of which one of Rabinowitz’s risk factors?

A

narrow habitat tolerance

76
Q

Organisms living in a continental area can also be considered “island species” when they ______.

A

live in extremely isolated locations

Ecology 2227 (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions