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ANATOMY 1120 > Appendicular Skeleton- Upper Extremities > Flashcards

Appendicular Skeleton- Upper Extremities Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pectoral girdle?

A
  • Articulates with the trunk and supports the upper limbs
  • Consists of the right and left clavicles and the right and left scapulae
  • Attachment site for many muscles that move the upper limbs
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2
Q

How does the pectoral girdle promote upper limb mobility?

A
  • Because the scapula isn’t directly attached to the axial skeleton, it moves freely across the posterior surface of the thorax, permitting the arm to move with it
  • The shallow cavity of the shoulder joint permits a wide range of movement of the upper limb
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3
Q

What are the clavicles?

A
  • Commonly known as collarbones
  • S-shaped bones that extend between the manubrium of the sternum and the acromion of the scapula
  • The only direct connection between the pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton
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4
Q

What is the sternal end of the clavicle?

A
  • The medial end which is roughly pyramidal in shape
  • Articulates with the manubrium of the sternum
  • Forms the sternoclavicular joint
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5
Q

What is the acromial end of the clavicle?

A
  • The lateral end which is broad and flattened
  • Articulates with the acromion of the scapula
  • Forms the acromioclavicular joint
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6
Q

What is the conoid tubercle of the clavicle?

A
  • A rough tuberosity on the inferior surface of the clavicle

- The attachment site for the coracoclavicular ligament

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7
Q

What is the costal tuberosity of the clavicle?

A
  • A rough tuberosity on the inferior surface of the clavicle
  • More inferior than the conoid tubercle and located on the sternal end of the clavicle
  • Attachment of the shoulders costoclavicular ligament
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8
Q

What are the scapulae?

A
  • Broad, flat, triangular bones that you can palpate by moving your shoulders
  • Several large projections extend from the scapula and provide surface area for muscle and ligament attachments
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9
Q

What is the spine of the scapula?

A
  • A ridge of bone on the posterior aspect
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10
Q

What is the acromion of the scapula?

A
  • Continuous projection from the spine
  • A larger, flattened, posterior process that forms the bony tip of the shoulder
  • Articulates with the acromial end of the clavicle
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11
Q

What is the coracoid process of the scapula?

A
  • Is a smaller more anterior projection of the shoulder
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12
Q

What is the superior border of the scapula?

A
  • The horizontal edge of the scapula

- Superior to the spine of the scapula

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13
Q

What is the medial border of the scapula?

A
  • The edge of the scapula that is closest to the vertebrae
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14
Q

What is the lateral border of the scapula?

A
  • The edge of the scapula that is closest to the axilla (armpit)
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15
Q

What is the suprascapular notch?

A
  • In some people, this is the suprascapular foramen
  • In the superior border
  • Provides a passage for the suprascapular nerve
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16
Q

What is the superior/inferior/lateral angles of the scapula?

A
  • The pointed part of the scapula between the superior and medial borders (superior angle)
  • The pointed part between the superior and lateral borders (inferior angle)
  • Composed primarily of the cup-shaped, shallow glenoid cavity which articulates with the humerus bone of the arm (lateral angle)
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17
Q

What are the supraglenoid and infraglenoid tubercles of the scapula?

A
  • Near the superior edge of the glenoid cavity (supra)

- Near the inferior edge of the glenoid cavity (infra)

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18
Q

What are the subscapular fossa? (scapula)

A
  • The broad, relatively smooth, anterior surface of the scapula
  • Slightly concave and relatively featureless
  • Large muscle called the subscapularis overlies this fossa
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19
Q

What are the supraspinous/infraspinous fossa? (scapula)

A
  • The spine divides the posterior surface of the scapula into 2 shallow depressions
  • Depression superior to the spine (supra)
  • Depression inferior to the spine (infra)
  • The supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles respectively attach to these fossae
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20
Q

What bones make up the upper limbs?

A
  • Each upper limb contains 30 bones

- Brachium (arm), antebrachium (forearm), and the hand make up the upper limb

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21
Q

What is the humerus?

A
  • The longest and largest upper limb bone
  • Proximal end has a hemispherical head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula
  • Adjacent to the head are 2 tubercles
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22
Q

What is the greater tubercle of the humerus?

A
  • Adjacent to the head of the humerus
  • Positioned more laterally
  • Helps form the rounded contour of the shoulder
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23
Q

What is the lesser tubercle of the humerus?

A
  • Adjacent to the head of the humerus

- Smaller and located more anteromedially

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24
Q

What is the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus?

A
  • Between the 2 tubercles

- A depression that contains the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii muscle

25
Q

What is the anatomical neck of the humerus?

A
  • Between the tubercles and the head of the humerus

- Almost indistinct groove that marks the location of the former epiphyseal plate

26
Q

What is the surgical neck of the humerus?

A
  • The narrowing bone that is immediately distal to the tubercles at the transition from the head to the shaft
  • Called the surgical neck because it is a common fracture site on the humerus
27
Q

What is the shaft of the humerus?

A
  • The lengthy middle section of the humerus
28
Q

What is the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus?

A
  • Rough protrusion of bone
  • Extends along the lateral surface of the shaft
  • Takes up about half of the length of the humerus
  • Deltoid muscle of the shoulder attaches to this tuberosity
29
Q

What is the radial groove of the humerus?

A
  • Located adjacent to the deltoid tuberosity

- Where the radial nerve and some blood vessels travel

30
Q

What bones form the elbow joint?

A
  • The humerus, radius and ulna
31
Q

What are the medial and lateral epicondyles? (humerus)

A
  • Are the bony side projections on the distal humerus
  • Provide surfaces for muscle attachment
  • Can be palpated under the skin
  • Travelling posterior to the medial epicondyle is the ulnar nerve which supplies many intrinsic hand muscles
32
Q

What are the capitulum of the humerus?

A
  • On the distal end of the humerus
  • Two smooth, curved surfaces for the articulation with the bones of the forearm
  • Located laterally and articulate with the head of the radius
33
Q

What are the trochlea of the humerus?

A
  • Located medially and articulates with the trochlear notch of the ulna
  • Pulley-shaped
34
Q

What are the radial/coronoid/olecranon fossa? (humerus)

A
  • All on the distal end of the humerus
  • Anterolaterally placed radial fossa accommodates the head of the radius
  • Anteromedially placed coronoid fossa accommodates the coronoid process of the ulna when the elbow is flexed
  • Posteriorly placed olecranon fossa accommodates the olecranon of the ulna when the elbow is extended
35
Q

What bones make up the forearm?

A
  • The radius and ulna

- In anatomical position, these bones are parallel, with the radius lateral and the ulna medial

36
Q

What is the head of the radius?

A
  • On the proximal end of the radius
  • Distinctive disc-shaped head
  • Articulates with the capitulum of the humerus
37
Q

What is the neck of the radius?

A
  • Narrow bone that separates the radial head from the radial tuberosity (attachment site for the biceps brachii muscle)
38
Q

What is the shaft of the radius?

A
  • Curves slightly

- Leads to a wide distal end

39
Q

What is the styloid process of the radius?

A
  • Laterally placed on the distal end of the radius

- Is a bony projection that can be palpated on the lateral side of the wrist, just proximal to the thumb

40
Q

What is the ulnar notch of the radius?

A
  • On the distal medial surface of the radius

- Where the medial surface of the radius articulates with the distal end of the ulna

41
Q

What is the ulna?

A
  • The longer, medially placed bone of the forearm
42
Q

What is the trochlear notch of the ulna?

A
  • At the proximal end of the ulna

- C-shaped notch that interlocks with the trochlea of the humerus

43
Q

What is the olecranon of the ulna?

A
  • On the posterosuperior aspect of the trochlear notch
  • Prominent projection that articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the posterior bump of the elbow
44
Q

What is the coronoid process of the ulna?

A
  • The inferior lip of the trochlear notch

- Articulates with the humerus at the coronoid fossa

45
Q

What is the radial notch of the ulna?

A
  • Lateral to the coronoid process
  • Smooth and curved notch that accommodates with the head of the radius
  • Helps form the proximal radioulnar joint
46
Q

What is the tuberosity of ulna?

A
  • Also at the proximal end of the ulna
47
Q

What is the head of the ulna?

A
  • At the distal end of the ulna
  • Where the shaft narrows and terminates
  • Has a poster medial styloid process (may be palpated on the medial side of the wrist)
48
Q

What are interosseous borders?

A
  • Both the radius and ulna exhibit these borders
  • They face each other
  • Ulna’s border projects laterally, whereas the radius’ border projects medially
49
Q

What is the interosseous membrane?

A
  • These borders are connected by an interosseous membrane, composed of dense regular connective tissue (interosseous ligament)
  • The membrane keeps the ulna and radius at a fixed distance apart from each other
  • Provides a pivot of rotation for the forearm
50
Q

What are the bones that form the wrist and hand?

A
  • Carpals, metacarpals and phalanges
51
Q

What are carpals?

A
  • Small, short bones that form the wrist
  • Arranged roughly in 2 rows (one proximal and one distal) of 4 bones each
  • Allow for the multiple movements possible at the wrist
52
Q

What are the proximal carpal bones?

A
  • Listed from lateral to medial : scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum and pisiform
53
Q

What are the distal carpal bones?

A
  • Listed from lateral to medial: most lateral being the trapezium, followed by the trapezoid, capitate and hamate
54
Q

What are metacarpals?

A
  • The bones in the palm of the hand
  • 5 metacarpal bones articulate with the distal carpal bones
  • Support the palm
  • Roman numerals I-V denote the metacarpal bones, with metacarpal ‘I’ located at the base of the thumb, and metacarpal ‘V’ at the base of the pinky finger
55
Q

What are the phalanges?

A
  • The bones of the digits (also known as phalanx)
  • 3 phalanges in in each of the 2-5 fingers
  • 2 phalanges in the thumb (pollex)
  • Total of 14 phalanges per hand
56
Q

What is the proximal phalanx?

A
  • Articulates with the head of a metacarpal
57
Q

What is the distal phalanx?

A
  • The bone at the very tip of the finger
58
Q

What is the middle phalanx?

A
  • Lies between the proximal and distal phalanges

- Not found in the thumb

ANATOMY 1120 (25 decks)

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