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Bio Srikandi UM > Cell Structure and Functions > Flashcards

Cell Structure and Functions Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryotes is

A
  • single-celled (unicellular)

- the smallest and the simplest cells

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2
Q

Cytoplasm/ Protoplasm of prokaryotes enclosed by

A

plasma membrane

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3
Q

Prokaryotes has no

A
  • cytoskeleton (filamentous network of protein)

- membranous organelles

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4
Q

Cell wall of prokaryotes made of

A

peptidoglycan (maintain cell shape)

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5
Q

Gram negative bacteria has

A
  • thinner cell wall

- does not retain the gram stain

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6
Q

Gram positive bacteria has

A
  • thicker cell wall

- retain the gram stain (purple)

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7
Q

Prokaryotes has

A
  • mesosomes (infolding of plasma membrane, site of cellular production)
  • ribosomes (synthesis protein)
  • genetic material (‘naked’ circular DNA-nucleoid)
  • pili (attach to surface)
  • high metabolic and growth rate
  • short life time
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8
Q

Only some prokaryotes has

A
  • capsule (limit phagocytosis)
  • plasmid (small circular DNA - store important genes)
  • flagella (movement in liquid environment)
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9
Q

Prokaryotes grow and reproduce by

A

binary fission

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10
Q

Main groups of eukaryotes

A

animal and plant cells

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11
Q

Eukaryotes is bounded by

A

plasma membrane

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12
Q

Eukaryotes contain

A
  • cytoskeleton (supporting matrix of protein)

- membrane-bound organelles

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13
Q

Cell wall enclose

A

the plasma membrane of plants, bacteria, fungi, algae and some archae (not in animals and protozoa)

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14
Q

Cell wall made of

A
  • cellulose (plant)

- peptidoglycan (bacteria)

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15
Q

Cell wall is

A

tough, usually flexible but sometimes rigid

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16
Q

Cell wall functioned as

A

protection and supports against mechanical stress

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17
Q

Plasma membrane enclosed the

A

cytoplasm/ protoplasm

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18
Q

Plasma membrane made of

A

phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

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19
Q

Plasma membrane is

A

semi-permeable (selectively permeable)

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20
Q

Functions of plasma membrane

A
  • separating the interior from the environment
  • provide shape
  • as cell adhesion
  • ion channel conductance
  • cell signaling (cell interact with their environment and other cells around them)
  • attachment point for the cytoskeleton
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21
Q

Cilia is

A
  • the projections from the cell

- motile and non-motile (primary)

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22
Q

Primary cilia are found on

A

every cell in human body (sensory)

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23
Q

Functions of cilia

A
  • movement

- sweep substances across cell surface

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24
Q

Cilia is made up of

A

microtubules covered by plasma membrane

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25
Q

Microtubules is

A

hollow cylinders made up of repeating protein structures

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26
Q

Arrangement of microtubules (in a ring)

A
  • Primary cilia (nine triplets 9+0)
  • Motile cilia (nine pairs surround two central microtubules 9+2)
  • Basal body/ centriole (anchor cilium to the cell)
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27
Q

Flagella is

A

projections from the cell

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28
Q

Flagella is made up of

A

microtubules covered by plasma membrane

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29
Q

Arrangement of flagella (in a ring)

A

nine pairs surround two central microtubules (9+2)

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30
Q

Function of flagellum

A

movement

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31
Q

Cytoplasm is

A

viscous gel, enclosed within the cell membrane

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32
Q

Cytoplasm consist of

A
  • Cytosol (liquid component of the cytoplasm - mixture of cytoskeleton filaments, dissolved molecules and water)
  • Organelles
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33
Q

Cytoplasm functions as

A

medium for most cellular activities

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34
Q

Cytoskeleton is

A
  • skeleton of cytoplasm

- a dynamic structure

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35
Q

Cytoskeleton made of

A

filamentous protein network

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36
Q

Cytoskeleton present in

A

plant and animal cells

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37
Q

Functions of cytoskeleton

A
  • maintains cell shape, enables cellular motion

- play important roles in intercellular transport and cell division.

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38
Q

Cytoskeleton included three types of fibres which is

A
  • microfilament
  • microtubules
  • intermediate filaments
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39
Q

Functions of microfilaments

A
  • muscle contraction and movements of certain cells

- provide support (more in muscle cells and amoeboid)

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40
Q

Microfilaments is

A
  • major portion of cytoskeleton, two chains twisted around one another
  • thinnest filaments, flexible and strong
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41
Q

Each subunit of microfilaments is made of

A

actin (protein)

42
Q

Microtubules involved in many cellular processes such as

A
  • transport vesicle
  • provide cell shape and support
  • separate chromosomes during cell division.
43
Q

Microtubules is

A
  • part of the cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells
  • form spontaneously around centrosomes (microtubule organizing centre)
  • unstable, easily assembled and disassembled
44
Q

Microtubules are made of

A

beta and alpha tubulin (protein)

45
Q

Functions of intermediate filaments

A
  • preventing excessive stretch of cells shape

- fix organelles position

46
Q

intermediate filaments is

A

the most durable and stable

47
Q

Intermediate filaments are made of

A

vimentin (protein)

48
Q

Endomembrane system is

A

a group of membrane and organelles in eukaryotic cells that work together to modify, package and transport lipids and protein

49
Q

Endomembrane system include

A

endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, endosomes, vacuoles (plant cell) and the cell membrane

50
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a

A

network of membranous tubules, vesicles and flattened sacs called cisternae

51
Q

ER separate cisternal space from

A

cytosol

52
Q

Function of ER

A

varies depending on the type of ER and the type of cell

53
Q

Type of ER

A
  • Smooth ER

- Rough ER

54
Q

Quantity of SER and RER in a cell

A

quickly interchange depending on metabolic needs

55
Q

Membrane of RER continuous with

A

the outer layer of the nuclear envelope

56
Q

Cisternae are

A

flat and rough (studded with ribosomes that synthesis protein)

57
Q

Ribosomes are part of the RER that are

A

not stable

58
Q

Function of RER

A
  • protein enter the cisternal space (lumen), altered/changed by enzyme (carbohydrate molecules normally added to glycoprotein)
  • keep secretory proteins temporarily before being packed in vesicles and exported to the Golgi apparatus
  • Proteins normally for export or membrane insertion
59
Q

Smooth ER found in

A

a variety of cell types (both animal and plant) and it serves different functions

60
Q

Cisternae of SER are

A

tubes-like, connected with RER, smooth surface

61
Q

Function of SER

A
  • synthesis lipids

- enzymes within SER catalyze various processes

62
Q

Golgi apparatus made of a

A

stack of flattened membranous sacs (cisternae)

63
Q

Cisternal space separated from cytosol by

A

membrane

64
Q

Number of Golgi apparatus in an active cell

A

abundant

65
Q

Function of Golgi apparatus

A
  • modify, sort and package the macromolecules that are synthesized by the cells for secretion purposes or for use within the cell
66
Q

Processes occur in Golgi apparatus

A
  • Vesicles from RER fuse with cis face (receiving side)
    and release the contents
  • contents are modified during the transit from cis to
    trans face by various enzymes, marked and sorted
    into batches, distribute to different destination in
    transport vesicles which bud from trans face
    (shipping side facing plasma membrane)
  • Vesicles move to plasma membrane, fused with it,
    released the contents out.
  • Vesicle remain as a permanent addition to plasma
    membrane
67
Q

Lysosomes can be found in

A

all animal cells and some plant cells

68
Q

Lysosomes is

A
  • dark spherical bodies, smaller than mitochondria

- membrane-bound sac of digestive enzymes: digest macromolecules

69
Q

Lysosome functions optimally in

A

acidic condition (pH 5)

70
Q

Function of lysosome

A
  • Enzymes found in lysosomes such as lipases,
    carbohydrases and proteases - intracellular
    digestion.
  • Recycling centre for the organelles - old organelles
    are digested (autophagy), product reuse to form
    new organelle.
  • Digest the remains of dead cell (autolysis)
  • The process - RER put the enzymes and membranes
    together, then Golgi apparatus chemically refine
    the enzymes and releases mature lysosomes
71
Q

Vacuoles is

A

a membrane-enclosed fluid filled sac found in the cells of plants including fungi

72
Q

Main functions of vacuoles

A
  • Contributes to the rigidity of the plants using water to develop hydrostatic pressure (contractile vacuole)
  • store nutrient and non-nutrient chemicals (food vacuoles, central vacuoles)
  • break down complex molecules (function lysosomes in animal cells)
73
Q

A selective membrane enclosing the central vacuole

A

Tonoplast

74
Q

Function of tonoplast

A

Controls passage of chemicals thought it in both directions, water can pass in and out freely but other small molecules are retained within the vacuole

75
Q

Mitochondria and chloroplast

A
  • Function in energy production.
  • Contain own DNA and ribosome.
  • Believe to be endosymbiotic bacteria.
76
Q

Ribosomes and nucleus

A

Involved in protein synthesis (gene expression)

77
Q

Mitochondria is a

A

rod-like structure

78
Q

Amount of mitochondria

A
  • large number (more in animal cells compared to plant cells)
79
Q

Double-membrane of mitochondria

A

Outer membrane is smoot, define the shape

80
Q

Cristae of mitochondria

A

infolded inner membrane partially divide the matrix

81
Q

Mitochondria has

A

inter-membrane space between outer and inner membrane

82
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

Use glucose and fatty acids to produce
ATP (energy) during cellular respiration (Krebs
cycle and electron transport chain - ETC)

83
Q

Plant cristae of mitochondria are

A

tubular or villus-like but sheet-like plates in animal

84
Q

Cristae of mitochondria facing

A

the matrix covered with stalked particles (carrier proteins in electron transport chain)

85
Q

Matrix contain

A

enzymes, DNA and ribosome

86
Q

Chloroplast contains

A

starch granules and oil droplets

87
Q

Function of chloroplast

A
  • Convert light energy of the sun into sugars that can
    be used by cells.
  • Process is called photosynthesis by chlorophyll
    molecules in each chloroplast.
88
Q

Chloroplast has

A
  • Double membrane separated by intermembrane space
  • 50 grana - each granum
    (singular) has about 50 thylakoids.
  • Photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b, carotenoid),
    electron transport chain (ETC) are embedded within the
    thylakoid membrane.
89
Q

Stroma (dark reaction site) of chloroplast contain

A

ribosomes, DNA and photosynthetic

enzymes

90
Q

Internal membrane of chloroplast is called

A

lamella which consist of

thylakoids that stacks up to form grana.

91
Q

Light reaction site occur at

A

thylakoid membrane (surface)

92
Q

Nucleus enclosed by

A

a nuclear envelope - double

membrane perforated by nuclear pores (100nm).

93
Q

nuclear membrane is

A

impermeable to large

molecules

94
Q

Function of nuclear pores

A

channel that allows free

movement of small molecules and ions

95
Q

Outer membrane of the nucleus continuous with

A

membrane of RER

96
Q

Nucleoplasm is the

A

semi-fluid substance in the

nucleus.

97
Q

Nucleus contains

A
  • Genetic material in
    the form of chromatin or chromosomes
  • nucleolus (synthesis ribosomes)
98
Q

Functions of nucleus

A

Control centre of the cell by:
- Maintain the genetic material
- Control gene expression (protein synthesis)
- Mediate the replication of DNA during cell cycle
- Provides a site for genetic transcription (synthesis
of mRNA)
- Allowing gene regulation (e.g.: lac operon system)
- Synthesis ribosomes (nucleolus)

99
Q

Ribosomes made up of

A

RNA and proteins

100
Q

Each subunit is released through

A

nuclear pores

101
Q

Functions of Ribosomes

A

Synthesis protein:
- Based on genetic information carried by mRNA
from nucleus.
- Ribosomes joined amino acids to form polypeptide
/ protein
- Proteins synthesized by cytoplasmic ribosomes
(free) are used within the cell.
- Protein from RER (synthesized by attached
ribosomes) are exported out or inclusion of
membrane (digestive enzymes in lysosome)

Bio Srikandi UM (16 decks)

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