Chapter 19

Question 1

What are the islets of Langerhans.

Answer 1

A small portion of the pancreas is filled with the islets of Langerhans.
Within these islets are alpha and beta cells.
The alpha cells produce glucagon.
Beta cells produce insulin.

Question 2

What does the endocrine system do when you skip a meal?

Answer 2

Question 3

What are bands of glucose level?

Answer 3

Question 4

What are differences between Hypo and hyper glycemia part 2?

Answer 4

Question 5

What are differences between Hypo and hyper glycemia?

Answer 5

Question 6

What are Kussmaul respiration?s

Answer 6

Deep, rapid breathing; usually the result of an accumulation of certain acids when insulin is not available in the body.

Question 7

What are the symptoms of Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) ?

Answer 7

Abdominal pain

Body aches

Nausea

Vomiting

Altered mental status or unconsciousness (if severe)

Question 8

Difference between type 1 and 2 diabetes

Answer 8

In diabetes mellitus type 1, no insulin is produced, so there are no keys.

In diabetes mellitus type 2, there are fewer insulin receptors.

Question 9

Common medication for type 2 diabetes

Answer 9

Question 10

What happens with hyperglycemia?

Answer 10

In type 1 diabetes, hyperglycemia leads to ketoacidosis with dehydration from excessive urination.

In type 2 diabetes, hyperglycemia leads to a nonketotic hyperosmolar state of dehydration due to the discharge of fluids from the body systems and eventually out through the kidneys.

Question 11

What are the long term symptoms of hyperglycemia?

Answer 11

Wounds that do not heal

Numbness in the hands and feet

Blindness

Renal failure

Gastric motility problems

Question 12

What are the sympotms of type 2, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNS)

Answer 12

Hyperglycemia 


Altered mental status, drowsiness, or lethargy

Severe dehydration, thirst, and dark urine

Visual or sensory deficits


Partial paralysis or muscle weakness

Seizures

Question 13

common reasons for a low blood glucose level

Answer 13

Administration of a correct dose of insulin with a change in routine

Administration of more insulin than necessary

Administration of a correct dose of insulin without the patient eating a sufficient amount 


Administration of a correct dose of insulin and the patient developed an acute illness

Question 14

What causes seizures?

Answer 14

Seizures are caused by:

Infections

Poisoning

Hypoglycemia

Trauma

Decreased levels of oxygen

Unknown causes

Question 15

What causes Altered Mental Statuts?

Answer 15

Alcohol

Epilepsy, endocrine, electrolytes

Insulin

Opiates and other drugs

Uremia (kidney failure)

Trauma, temperature

Infection

Poisoning, psychogenic causes

Shock, stroke, seizure, space-occupying lesion, subarachnoid hemorrhage

Most of these items can be associated with or can cause hypoglycemia.

Question 16

Name three hematalogical conditions

Answer 16

Sickle cell disease (also called hemoglobin S disease)

Hemophilia A (also called classic hemophilia or factor VIII deficiency)

Thrombophilia

Question 17

Complications of Sickle Cell desease

Answer 17

Anemia

Gallstones

Jaundice

Splenic dysfunction

Vascular occlusion with ischemia

Acute chest syndrome (hypoxia, dyspnea, chest discomfort, and fever)

Stroke

Joint necrosis (specifically the head of the femur and the humerus)

Pain crises

Acute and chronic organ dysfunction/failure

Retinal hemorrhages

Increased risk of infection