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Physiology Labs 4-7 > Lab 4 > Flashcards

Lab 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Antagonistic systems

A

One mechanism increases the Variable while the other variable decreases to maintain dynamic constancy

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2
Q

Identify Effector actions

A

A List of what happened between the activation of the effector and the response

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3
Q

Osmoreceptor
What do they do?

A

Detect
osmolarity

Body fluid

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4
Q

Convective heat loss

A

Heat loss by standing in front of a fan

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5
Q

Average Body temperature Of a human body

A

37 C

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6
Q

Medulla oblongata

What chemicals stimulate the medulla oblongata when it is sent to the medulla oblongata?

A

Stimulus:
Blood CO2
blood pH
blood pressure
ventilation

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7
Q

Effectors action

A

What the effector does

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8
Q

Feedback loops that apply to the entire body

A

Systemic feedback loops

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9
Q

Increase in blood pressure above normal

A

Negative feedback loop

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10
Q

what is shivering thermogenesis?

A

Rapid muscle contraction/relaxation cycles that produces heat

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11
Q

what is Thermogenesis?

A

The generation of heat

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12
Q

Goals of negative And positive feedback loops

A

To maintain or enhance function of the body

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13
Q

Hearing
What does it do? What does it Stimulate?

A

Soundwaves enter ear
stimulates hair cells located in cochlea of inner ear

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14
Q

Accumulation of hydrogen ions in body fluid

A

Negative feedback loop

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15
Q

Thermoreceptors what do they do

A

Respond to stimulus
temperature

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16
Q

Identifying feedback loops: decrease in carbon monoxide below normal

A

Negative feedback loop

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17
Q

Chemoreceptors

What does chemoreceptors identify as a stimulus?

A

Respond to chemical stimulus
Carbon monoxide C02,
H+ Ions, O2, oxygen, PH, glucose

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18
Q

Sensor

A

The structure that detects a change in the physiological variable

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19
Q

Response

A

The outcome of the action taken by the effector

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20
Q

Chemoreceptors they detect chemical stimulus like CO2, O2, H plus ions, glucose

where are they located?

A

Location for chemoreceptors:

CO2- medulla oblongata, aortic carotid

O2-Carotid in aortic

H+ Ions- Carotid and aortic

Glucose-Pancreatic and beta cells taste buds on tongue hypothalamus

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21
Q

Where are Cutaneous blood vessels/arterioles located?

A

Located just below skin surface maintain body temperature in cold and heat

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22
Q

The structure that serves as a communication pathway between the structure that detects the stimulus and the structure that can process information about it

A

Afferent pathway

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23
Q

What does a Somatic neuron do?

A

A type of neuron that innervates Controls skeletal muscle cells.

Controls skeletal muscles

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24
Q

Touchreceptors (3)

What do they do stimulate?
List sensor and location?

A

Sensor- pacinia corpuscles
Stimulus: vibration
Located: Deep layers of the skin

Sensor- Meisner corpuscles
Stimulus: fluttering, stroking
Located: Superficial layers of the skin

Sensor- Ruffini corpuscles:
Stimulus: stretch of skin
Located: Deep layers of skin

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25
Q

Osmoreceptors
is a sensor that detect stimulus of osmolarity

osmolarity measures body fluids

Where are osmoreceptors located?

A

Location
hypothalamus

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26
Q

The two major branches of the efferent neural pathway

A

Autonomic neurons
somatic motor neurons

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27
Q

Hyperthermia

A

Body temperature above normal range

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28
Q

Effector

A

The structure that connect to adjust the system or environment based on the specific stimulus

29
Q

The effector action are taken for evaporative heat loss?

A

Sweat glands
cutaneous blood vessels

30
Q

A effector for generating heat in the body when temperature is below normal

A

skeletal muscles

31
Q

The most dangerous condition related to hyperthermia 50% mortality rate

A

Heat stroke

32
Q

Photoreceptor
List the two parts of photoreceptor and what they do?

A

Cones:
stimulus: High acuity, color vision
Location: Back of retina

Rods:
Low light, Night vision
Back of retina

33
Q

What do Autonomic neurons control?

A

Control smooth and cardiac muscles endocrine
endocrine glands
some adipose tissue

Autonomic neurons
Further divide to sympathetic and parasympathetic branches

34
Q

When a feedback loop involves a stimulus that leads to a systemic response _________ Plays the role of afferent pathway?

A

Sensory neurons

35
Q

Positive feedback loops

A

The response is in the same direction as the Initial stimulus
amplifying it
(example:contractions)

36
Q

Stimulus

A

A change from set point

(Signal)

37
Q

what is Conductive heat?

A

Heat transfer from direct contact with object

(heating pad)

38
Q

What does a Sensor do?

A

Detects the change by sensory receptors
(stimulus)

39
Q

The structure that serves as a communication pathway between the structure that processes information about the stimulus and the structure that connect to adjust the system or environment

A

Efferent
pathway

40
Q

Feedback loops

A

Are made up of the steps to achieve homeostasis

41
Q

Integrating center

A

Analyzes information deciphers action if needed

42
Q

Smell is located where?

A

Olfactory cortex

43
Q

Example of a systemic feedback loop

A

PFK activity,

the rate limiting enzyme for glycolysis,

can be decreased in the presence of H+

44
Q

Negative feedback loops

A

It is Reversal of the original stimulus

(Example: Bp, Body Temperature)

45
Q

Where is Hearing Located?

A

Auditory cortex

46
Q

A variable or signal that can be detected by a sensor

A

A stimulus

47
Q

these stimulates sent to the Integration location where?

stimuli:
Appetite
osmolarity
temperature
thirst

A

to the Hypothalamus?

48
Q

Equilibrium
What does it do?
Location?

A

Gravity and acceleration stimulates: hair cells
located in vestibular apparatus of inner ear

49
Q

Hypothermia

A

Body temperature below normal range

50
Q

Baroreceptors respond to stimulus in pressure

where are they located?

A

Location:
carotid arteries and aorta

51
Q

Setpoint

A

The Setpoint is the level of each of these variables that the body works to maintain.

The setpoint for body temperature 
for an (example: temperature 37 C) Our body tries to keep this maintained
52
Q

Integrating center

A

The structure that can process information about the physiological change

53
Q

Proprioreceptors detect stimulus and body position

where are they located?

  1. Quick muscle stretching
  2. extreme muscle tension
  3. rotational acceleration
A

Location:
Muscle stretching:
muscle spindle (skeletal)

Extreme muscle tension:
Golgi Tendon Organ (muscle tendon junction)

Rotational Acceleration:
Vestibular apparatus

54
Q

what does Internal constancy do?

A

this increases when the body faces internal and external stressors

Is not maintained by accident it is not maintain passively much work Has to be done to maintain homeostasis

55
Q

Sometimes one structure can play the roles of both?

A

Sensor and integrating center

56
Q

These signal molecules are Cytokines that can increase the setpoint for temperature in cause fever during infection

A

Pyrogens

57
Q

Dynamic constancy

A

The fluctuation above and below setpoint

58
Q

Homeostasis

A

Is the Maintenance of a fairly constant internal environment

59
Q

Uterine contractions

A

Positive feedback loop

60
Q

Thermoreceptors respond to stimulus for temperature varying degrees of heat matter on location

A

Subcutaneous layers of skin

muscles
internal organs

the CNS hypothalamus

61
Q

Stimulus

A

The change in a physiological variable or measure in the bodies environment

62
Q

Response

A

The outcome of the effector actions

63
Q

Effector

A

Acts to adjust, brings back to setpoint

64
Q

Nocieceptor
What do they do?

A

Stimulus is pain

65
Q

Baroreceptor
What do they do?

A

Stimuli with pressure
type of Mechanoreceptors

66
Q

what way of heat lost is significantly reduced on humid days?

A

Evaporated heat loss

67
Q

Photoreceptor
What do they do?

A

For vision stimulus
light

68
Q

what is the recording of the voltage produced by skeletal muscle contractions and measure’s the active motor units?

A

Electromyogram

69
Q

What measures the number and frequency of a motor unit that is active in a muscle?

A

Electromyography

Physiology Labs 4-7 (4 decks)

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