Lab 4 Flashcards by Joi Schumacher

Antagonistic systems

One mechanism increases the Variable while the other variable decreases to maintain dynamic constancy

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Identify Effector actions

A List of what happened between the activation of the effector and the response

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Osmoreceptor
What do they do?

Detect
osmolarity

Body fluid

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Convective heat loss

Heat loss by standing in front of a fan

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Average Body temperature Of a human body

37 C

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Medulla oblongata

What chemicals stimulate the medulla oblongata when it is sent to the medulla oblongata?

Stimulus:
Blood CO2
blood pH
blood pressure
ventilation

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Effectors action

What the effector does

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Feedback loops that apply to the entire body

Systemic feedback loops

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Increase in blood pressure above normal

Negative feedback loop

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what is shivering thermogenesis?

Rapid muscle contraction/relaxation cycles that produces heat

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what is Thermogenesis?

The generation of heat

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Goals of negative And positive feedback loops

To maintain or enhance function of the body

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Hearing
What does it do? What does it Stimulate?

Soundwaves enter ear
stimulates hair cells located in cochlea of inner ear

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Accumulation of hydrogen ions in body fluid

Negative feedback loop

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Thermoreceptors what do they do

Respond to stimulus
temperature

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Identifying feedback loops: decrease in carbon monoxide below normal

Negative feedback loop

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Chemoreceptors

What does chemoreceptors identify as a stimulus?

Respond to chemical stimulus
Carbon monoxide C02,
H+ Ions, O2, oxygen, PH, glucose

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Sensor

The structure that detects a change in the physiological variable

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Response

The outcome of the action taken by the effector

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Chemoreceptors they detect chemical stimulus like CO2, O2, H plus ions, glucose

where are they located?

Location for chemoreceptors:

CO2- medulla oblongata, aortic carotid

O2-Carotid in aortic

H+ Ions- Carotid and aortic

Glucose-Pancreatic and beta cells taste buds on tongue hypothalamus

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Where are Cutaneous blood vessels/arterioles located?

Located just below skin surface maintain body temperature in cold and heat

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The structure that serves as a communication pathway between the structure that detects the stimulus and the structure that can process information about it

Afferent pathway

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What does a Somatic neuron do?

A type of neuron that innervates Controls skeletal muscle cells.

Controls skeletal muscles

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Touchreceptors (3)

What do they do stimulate?
List sensor and location?

Sensor- pacinia corpuscles
Stimulus: vibration
Located: Deep layers of the skin

Sensor- Meisner corpuscles
Stimulus: fluttering, stroking
Located: Superficial layers of the skin

Sensor- Ruffini corpuscles:
Stimulus: stretch of skin
Located: Deep layers of skin

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Osmoreceptors is a sensor that detect stimulus of osmolarity osmolarity measures body fluids Where are osmoreceptors located?

Location hypothalamus

The two major branches of the efferent neural pathway

Autonomic neurons somatic motor neurons

Hyperthermia

Body temperature above normal range

Effector

The structure that connect to adjust the system or environment based on the specific stimulus

The effector action are taken for evaporative heat loss?

Sweat glands cutaneous blood vessels

A effector for generating heat in the body when temperature is below normal

skeletal muscles

The most dangerous condition related to hyperthermia 50% mortality rate

Heat stroke

Photoreceptor List the two parts of photoreceptor and what they do?

Cones: stimulus: High acuity, color vision Location: Back of retina Rods: Low light, Night vision Back of retina

What do Autonomic neurons control?

Control smooth and cardiac muscles endocrine endocrine glands some adipose tissue Autonomic neurons Further divide to sympathetic and parasympathetic branches

When a feedback loop involves a stimulus that leads to a systemic response _________ Plays the role of afferent pathway?

Sensory neurons

Positive feedback loops

The response is in the same direction as the Initial stimulus amplifying it (example:contractions)

Stimulus

A change from set point | (Signal)

what is Conductive heat?

Heat transfer from direct contact with object | (heating pad)

What does a Sensor do?

Detects the change by sensory receptors (stimulus)

The structure that serves as a communication pathway between the structure that processes information about the stimulus and the structure that connect to adjust the system or environment

Efferent pathway

Feedback loops

Are made up of the steps to achieve homeostasis

Integrating center

Analyzes information deciphers action if needed

Smell is located where?

Olfactory cortex

Example of a systemic feedback loop

PFK activity, the rate limiting enzyme for glycolysis, can be decreased in the presence of H+

Negative feedback loops

It is Reversal of the original stimulus | (Example: Bp, Body Temperature)

Where is Hearing Located?

Auditory cortex

A variable or signal that can be detected by a sensor

A stimulus

these stimulates sent to the Integration location where? stimuli: Appetite osmolarity temperature thirst

to the Hypothalamus?

Equilibrium What does it do? Location?

Gravity and acceleration stimulates: hair cells located in vestibular apparatus of inner ear

Hypothermia

Body temperature below normal range

Baroreceptors respond to stimulus in pressure where are they located?

Location: carotid arteries and aorta

Setpoint

The Setpoint is the level of each of these variables that the body works to maintain. ``` The setpoint for body temperature for an (example: temperature 37 C) Our body tries to keep this maintained ```

Integrating center

The structure that can process information about the physiological change

Proprioreceptors detect stimulus and body position where are they located? 1. Quick muscle stretching 2. extreme muscle tension 3. rotational acceleration

Location: Muscle stretching: muscle spindle (skeletal) Extreme muscle tension: Golgi Tendon Organ (muscle tendon junction) Rotational Acceleration: Vestibular apparatus

what does Internal constancy do?

this increases when the body faces internal and external stressors Is not maintained by accident it is not maintain passively much work Has to be done to maintain homeostasis

Sometimes one structure can play the roles of both?

Sensor and integrating center

These signal molecules are Cytokines that can increase the setpoint for temperature in cause fever during infection

Pyrogens

Dynamic constancy

The fluctuation above and below setpoint

Homeostasis

Is the Maintenance of a fairly constant internal environment

Uterine contractions

Positive feedback loop

Thermoreceptors respond to stimulus for temperature varying degrees of heat matter on location

Subcutaneous layers of skin muscles internal organs the CNS hypothalamus

Stimulus

The change in a physiological variable or measure in the bodies environment

Response

The outcome of the effector actions

Effector

Acts to adjust, brings back to setpoint

Nocieceptor What do they do?

Stimulus is pain

Baroreceptor What do they do?

Stimuli with pressure type of Mechanoreceptors

what way of heat lost is significantly reduced on humid days?

Evaporated heat loss

Photoreceptor What do they do?

For vision stimulus light

what is the recording of the voltage produced by skeletal muscle contractions and measure's the active motor units?

Electromyogram

What measures the number and frequency of a motor unit that is active in a muscle?

Electromyography