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CO Training > Defensive Tactics > Flashcards

Defensive Tactics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the one plus one doctrine?

A
  • Stipulates that officers may have the right to select one level of force higher than the level of resistance displayed
  • Officer must be able to articulate that they did not have the time, skill, or safety measures to engage and control the subject using equal force
  • Factors to consider are size, age, number of subjects vs officers, etc
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2
Q

What are the two components of the Justified Force Doctrine? Describe both

A

Escalation: the level of control used by an officer is determined by the level of resistance used by the person. Therefore, the person dictates how much force will be needed to control them.

Preclusion: officers may rule out lower levels of control options if they believe them to be ineffective or inappropriate for the level of resistance shown. This means you do not have to move chronologically through the control continuum and can “jump”

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3
Q

What is the “Brother Officer” test?

A

“What would another reasonable, prudent officer do?”

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4
Q

What is the resistance continuum?

A
  1. Psychologica intimidation
  2. Verbal non-compliance
  3. Passive resistance
  4. Defensive Resistance
  5. Assaultive behaviour
  6. Death or GBH
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5
Q

Define GBH

A

A bodily injury that

  1. Creates a substantial risk of death
  2. Causes serious or permanent disfigurement
  3. Results in longterm loss or impairment of the functioning of any bodily member or organ
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6
Q

What is a threat assessment?

A

Weapon
Intent
Delivery System

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7
Q

What is the control continuum?

A
  1. Officer presence
  2. Verbal direction
  3. Soft empty hand
  4. Hard empty hand
  5. Intermediate weapon
  6. Lethal Force
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8
Q

What 4 sections of the criminal code officers need to know in relation to U of F?

A

S 25: Justified in the use of as much force as necessary in the enforcement of law
S 26: Responsible for excess force used
S 27: Use of force to prevent an offence
S 34: Defence - use of force or threat of force

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9
Q

Describe Section 25 of the Criminal Code as it relates to U of F

A
  • In the enforcement of law, an officer is justified to use as much force as necessary, when acting on reasonable grounds
  • Officer can only use lethal force when based on reasonable grounds, they believe they or the pubic is at risk of death or GBH
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10
Q

Describe Section 26 of the Criminal Code as it relates to U of F

A

-Everyone who is authorized by law to use force is criminally responsible for any excess force

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11
Q

Describe Section 27 of the Criminal Code as it relates to U of F

A
  • Everyone is justified in using as much force as reasonably necessary to prevent an offence that would
    (a) warrant arrest without warrant
    (b) cause immediate and serious injury to person or property
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12
Q

Describe Section 34 of the Criminal Code as it relates to U of F

A

The use of force can be used in defence, based on reasonable grounds and the force used is reasonable under the circumstances

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13
Q

What is the triangle of safety?

A

Tactics
Communication
Mental and physical edge

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14
Q

What are the 10 fatal errors?

A
  1. Poor search
  2. Tombstone courage
  3. Fatigue and stress
  4. Failure to watch hands
  5. Complacency and bad habits
  6. Caught in a bad position
  7. Perception vs Assumptions
  8. Failure to perceive danger signals
  9. Failure to take control / action
  10. Relaxing too soon
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15
Q

What is the reactionary gap?

A

6 ft

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16
Q

What does OC Spray stand for?

A

Oleoresin Capsicum Spray

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17
Q

What is the purpose of OC spray?

A

For the officer to gain a TACTICAL ADVANTAGE

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18
Q

What two other elements are essential when using OS spray?

A

Tactical movement and communication

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19
Q

Is OC spray an inflammatory agent or irritant?

A

Inflammatory agent

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20
Q

What is the active ingredient in OC spray?

A

Oleoresin capsicum (pulverized pepper)

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21
Q

What is the typical range of OC Spray?

A

1 - 3 meters

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22
Q

How many bursts of OC does each canister have?

A

8, 1 second bursts

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23
Q

List the physiological effects of OC spray

A
  • eyes (burning, inflammation, tearing, impairment of vision)
  • respiratory system ( inflammation of mucus membranes, coughing, shortness of breath)
  • skin (burning sensation, inflammation, redness)
  • light headed
  • shaking
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24
Q

List the psychological effects of OC spray

A
  • panic
  • focus on burning
  • disorientation
  • focus on not seeing
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25
Q

When should an officer begin decontamination?

A

As soon as tactically possible / safe to do so

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26
Q

How fast will OS spray work?

A

Effects could start immediately, take up to a minute, or not happen at al

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27
Q

Does OC spray work on everyone?

A

NO

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28
Q

List profiles resistant to OC spray

A
  • Emotionally disturbed people
  • Drug induced people
  • Goal oriented people
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29
Q

When should an officer seek medication attention for subject after using OS spray?

A

If they complain after 1 hour

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30
Q

If OS spray is displayed or used, what must an officer do?

A

Complete an Officer’s Report

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31
Q

When should OS spray not be used?

A
  • subject in handcuffs
  • upwind
  • subject is detained
  • subject is not being arrested
32
Q

List some considerations for using OC spray

A
  • wind direction
  • confined spaces
  • location of other officers and bystanders
  • proximity to subject
33
Q

What factors effect decontamination time?

A
  • target area
  • wind
  • humidity
  • subject cooperation
  • keeping subject calm
34
Q

What are 4 commonalities of subjects who die in custody, after OC spray?

A
  • positional asphyxia (position of body blocks airway)
  • Cocaine
  • Excited delirium
  • neuroeptic malignant syndrome (NMS)
35
Q

Does OC spray incapacitate a subject?

A

No it does NOT incapacitate a subject, but instead, gives the officer a tactical advantage by making the subject focus on the effects of the OC spray

36
Q

Where does the authority to use OC spray come from?

A

S25 of the criminal code and our appointment as Conservation Officers under the COA

37
Q

How long do the effects of OC spray last?

A

10-45 minutes. After an hour, seek medical attention

38
Q

What do you do after effecting an arrest?

A
  • Bring subject to safe and secure location
  • Check tightness of cuffs
  • Double lock
  • Read rights (charter and caution)
  • Search
39
Q

List some threat cues

A
  • target glancing at your tools
  • thousand yard stare
  • bladed stance
  • clenched fists
  • clenched jaws
  • heavy breathing
  • gang colours & signs
  • tattoos
40
Q

Define: excited delirium

A

A state of extreme mental and physiological excitement, characterized by extreme agitation, hostility, exceptional strength and endurance without fatigue.

41
Q

What is excited delirium recognized as?

A

A medical emergency

42
Q

Where is the 1, 2 & 3 positions on a subject?

A

1 directly in front
2 directly beside
3 directly behind

43
Q

What are the three desired outcomes of baton strikes?

A
  1. Distraction
  2. Motor dysfunction
  3. Balance displacement
44
Q

What are the different baton strikes?

A
  1. Fluid shock wave

2. Forward cut / backhand cut

45
Q

What is the ultimate goal in ground tactics / escape?

A
  1. Get back to your feet

2. WIN

46
Q

What are two elements to consider when in an edge weapon attack?

A
  1. You’ll likely get cut

2. Create distance

47
Q

Where does an edge weapon attack fall on the resistance continuum?

A

GHB / Death

48
Q

What is the cover officer’s main role in any scenario?

A

Safety

49
Q

Which is faster; action or reaction?

A

Action

50
Q

What are some variables to consider in high risk vehicles stops?

A
  • Time of day / night
  • Subject known to officers
  • Did they run or show compliance?
  • Number of occupants
  • Number of Officers
51
Q

When should an officer stop to talk to a subject sitting in the drivers seat of a vehicle?

A

B Pillar

52
Q

What level of resistance is pulling away from an officer’s hold?

A

Defensive

53
Q

How do you check the tightness of handcuffs?

A

Test with little finger and thumb

54
Q

What is the goal of every vehicle stop?

A

To maintain safety and a strong tactical advantage while treating the public with respect and professionalism

55
Q

Define the two types of vehicle stops

A

1) Unknown risk - no evidence of initial threat. Majority of stops
2) High Risk - threats observed / risk to safety

56
Q

What are the 4 phases of an unknown risk vehicle stops?

A
  1. Information: what is the situation? Assess the risk
  2. Vehicle positioning: 1-2 car lengths behind subjects, turn steering wheel, to the left of subject vehicle to provide safety lane
  3. Tactical Options: Knowing what your tactical options are
  4. Use of Tactical Options: Knowing when to use tactical options
57
Q

What are the four threat zones when conducting a vehicle stop?

A
  1. Retreat zone: inside or immediately behind your vehicle
  2. Transition zone: area outside door to rear of subject vehicle
  3. Critical zone: rear bumper to just behind B pillar of subjects car
  4. Reach zone: extends an arms length from where critical zone ends
58
Q

What is the 8 step traffic stop?

A
  1. Greeting : Hello
  2. Identification: I am a CO
  3. Reason: I stopped you because …
  4. Justification: Is there any reason you were…
  5. Request licences: DL, HL, Insurance, etc
  6. Clarification: Is this address correct?
  7. Decision: Will officer write citation, verbal, etc
  8. Close: drive safe / goodbye
59
Q

If a risk is identified before a vehicle stop, should the contact officer approach the vehicle?

A

No. Once a risk is identified, an officer never approaches a vehicle

60
Q

What is the 5 step hard style approach?

A
  1. Ask (ethical appeal)
  2. Set context (reasonable appeal) ie. this is a family campground, can’t have music that loud
  3. Present options ie. you either get an obstruction charge or a barbed hook charge
  4. Confirm ie. is there anything I can get you to gain compliance from you?
  5. Act
61
Q

Scenario for 5 style hard approach: mnemonic tool

A

There is clown sitting at a picnic bench screaming
You greet the clown, identify yourself and ask the clown to stop screaming (1 ASK ).
You tell the clown that this is a family campground and he can’t be screaming (2 CONTEXT)
You tell the clown that he either must stop screaming or receive a disturbance charge (3 OPTIONS)
You ask the clown is there is anything you can do to make him stop screaming (4 CONFIRM)
You shoot the clown (5 ACT)

62
Q

Define preclusion

A

Officers can rule out lower levels of control because they deem they to be Inappropriate or ineffective for the level of resistance displayed. Means the officer can “jump” to the level of control needed, instead of moving chronologically through the control continuum.

63
Q

What are two major errors made by law enforcement during vehicle stops?

A
  1. Treating every stop the same

2. They fail to adapt to the changes in the situation

64
Q

What are tactical considerations of a vehicle stop?

A

The winning mindset
Time
Distance and position
Cover

65
Q

What must officers do when they believe all subjects are out of the vehicle during a high risk vehicle stop?

A

The challenge - A bluff where you instruct the “last person” to come out of the vehicle. “you in the vehicle, come out with your hands up now”

66
Q

What are threat cues specific to multiple assailants?

A
  1. Flanking officer
  2. Leader identification
  3. Distraction (attempts to distract officer)
  4. Non verbal communication between subjects
  5. Communicating in different languages
  6. Wolf pack mentality
67
Q

Discuss cracking, shielding, and redirecting when faced with multiple assailants

A

Cracking: Moving between subjects at opportune times
Shielding: Using subjects against each other by putting them in each others way
Re-directing: Using assailants momentum against them

68
Q

What does “vision, wind, and limbs” mean?

A

When facing multiple assailants, an officer wants to strike high level targets which make it difficult to see, breath, and move

69
Q

What may cause excited delirium?

A
  1. Drugs, specifically cocaine
  2. Mental illness
  3. Alcohol is a common feature
70
Q

What are possible indicators of excited delirium?

A
  1. Extremely aggressive / violent behaviour
  2. Constant movement
  3. Does no respond like a normal human
  4. Naked / lack of clothing (to cool down)
  5. Attempted self cooling
  6. Hot to touch
  7. Unintelligible noises / animal noises
  8. Extreme pain tolerance
  9. Extreme strength
  10. No physical exhaustion
71
Q

What is positional asphyxia? What are warning signs?

A

: death as a result of body position that interferes with one’s ability to breath.

Warning signs: obesity, excited delirium, drug / alcohol use, laboured breathing, gurgling / gasping when breathing

72
Q

When must an officer submit an Officers Report?

A

Hard empty hand or higher is used
Intermediate weapon is displayed or used
Assaultive behaviour is threatened or used against officer
If medical treatment is required

73
Q

What is the triangle of safety?

A

Communication, tactics, mental and physical edge

74
Q

What are the 10 fatal errors?

A
  1. Failure to control hands
  2. Bad search
  3. Tombstone courage
  4. Complacency / bad habits
  5. Fatigue and stress
  6. Caught in a bad position
  7. Perception vs Assumptions
  8. Failure to perceive danger signals
  9. Failure to take control of situation
  10. Relaxing too soon
75
Q

What are the principles of an edged weapon attempt?

A 
SEPARATION, ESCALATION, EVALUATION
Expect to get cut
create distance
get off the line of attack
respect the blade

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