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Animal Health and Diseases > Metabolic Diseases 3.0 > Flashcards

Metabolic Diseases 3.0 Flashcards

1
Q

is magnesium absorption and secretion regulated by hormones?

A

nope!!

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2
Q

what is the second most common intracellular ion? where is it commonly found?

A

magnesium, found mostly in bones and soft tissues

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3
Q

is there a lot of magnesium to be found in the blood?

A

nope, very small amounts of magnesium in extracellular fluids

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4
Q

is magnesium evenly distributed in the tissues? what does this mean?

A

no, so it yields a slower recovery when depleted or elevated than calcium, which is evenly distributed

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5
Q

what is an enzymatic cofactor that is required for enzyme activation?

A

magnesium

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6
Q

what VERY important processes is magnesium important for the function of?

A

the sodium potassium pump and calcium functions

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7
Q

what does dysregulation of magnesium cause problems with due to its role in the sodium potassium pump and clacium functions?

A

causes problems with msucle tone

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8
Q

do ruminants or non-ruminants absorb magnesium more efficiently?

A

non-ruminants absorb more efficiently, so ruminants absorb less efficiently

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9
Q

in what species/breed is dysregulation of magnesium more common in and why?

A

in beef cattle when the soil/grass is low in magnesium content

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10
Q

what is hypomagnesemia in cattle and sheep also called? (3)

A
  1. hypomagnesemic tetany
  2. grass tetany = most common
  3. grass staggers
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11
Q

describe the 3 etiologies of hypomagnesemia in cattle and sheep

A
  1. magnesium levels decrease when dietary absorption cannot meet maintenance and lactation necessities
  2. reduced feed intake or grazing from short-grass dominant pastures
  3. when grass is fertilized with potassium or nitrogen, which causes decreased magnesium absorption
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12
Q

describe why potassium and nitrogen being common fertilizers is bad for magnesium levels

A

they are antagonists to Mg2+ absorption

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13
Q

describe prevention of hypomagnesemia in cattle in dairies

A

TMR includes Mg2+

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14
Q

list the clinical findings of hypomagnesemia in cattle and sheep (2)

A
  1. cattle throw up their heads, gallop, fall, and exhibit severe paddling convulsions
  2. in many cases you’ll just find the animal dead, moves fast
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15
Q

how do you diagnosis hypomagnesemia in cattle and sheep?

A

can really only diagnose by response to treatment

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16
Q

why can you only diagnoses hypomagnesemia in cattle and sheep by response to treatment?

A

Mg2+ isnt really in the blood, so bloodwork won’t help you

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17
Q

what are magnesium levels in the body dependent upon and why?

A

dependent on ingestion, secretion, and absorption because not regulated by hormones

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18
Q

how do you treat a suspected hypomagnesemia case in cattle and sheep?

A

IV calcium and Mg sokutions

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19
Q

what is a common cocktail treatment for suspected hypomagnesemia in cattle and sheep?

A

CMPK:

Ca2+, Mg2+. Phosporous, Potassium, covers all bases

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20
Q

what is the best treatment for hypomagnesemia in cattle and sheep? how is this accomplished?

A

prevention!

  1. feed Mg oxide
  2. use slow-release (big bolus) devices that stay in the rumen and work over time
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21
Q

hypomagnesemia in critically ill animals is common in what animals?

A

subclinical hypomagnesemia common in critically ill horses and small animals

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22
Q

in what critically ill situations can you also find hpyomagnesemia?

A
  1. ICU cats and dogs
  2. hospitalized horses
  3. colic horses
  4. horses with entercolitis
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23
Q

what is hypomagnesemia in critically ill animals due to? (4)

A
  1. altered Mg homestasis: inability to keep up Mg2+ distribution
  2. cellular or third space redistribution: moves to tissues = lower in blood
  3. GI loss of Mg = vomit, so need to supply extra Mg and electrolytes to replenish what was lost
  4. diuresis secondary to IV fluids not supplemented with Mg (loss of Mg through urine)
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24
Q

name 7 things that a defiency of could produce anemia

A
  1. iron
  2. copper
  3. Vitamin B12
  4. vitamin B6
  5. riboflavin
  6. niacin
  7. vitamin E
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25
Q

what is the most common cause of anemia in piglets?

A

low iron (decreased hemoglobin synthesis)

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26
Q

describe the ridiculous amount of growth that occurs in piglets

A

10% of their body weight in growth

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27
Q

describe the pathogenesis of anemia in piglets

A
  1. young piglets have minimal iron stores and
  2. milk contains low concentrations of iron so
  3. high growth iron necessity is not met
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28
Q

list the symptoms of anemia (iron deficiency) in pigs (6)

A
  1. extreme fatigue
  2. weakness
  3. shortness of breath
  4. cold feet
  5. retarded growth
  6. skin is white, not pink
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29
Q

how do you prevent anemia in piglets?

A

IM injection of 200 mg of iron in the first days after birth should be enough to supply to fast-growing piglets

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30
Q

what caused anemia in pigs to be such a large problem a while ago?

A

selection for faster growth in piglets

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31
Q

why is anemia in piglets not so common anymore?

A

because we know about the problem, so we preventatively give IM injection of iron in first few days of life

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32
Q

describe the processing of piglets in the first 24-28 hours, including what is done to prevent anemia

A
  1. castrate males
  2. clip tails
  3. trim teeth in some places
  4. IRON INJECTION
33
Q

what causes ruminal acidosis?

A

sudden ingestion of large amounts of highly fermentable carbohydrates

34
Q

describe the cause of acute ruminal acidosis

A

accidental consumption of highly digestible feeds or rapid introduction to high-level grain diets in beef cattle and lambs

35
Q

when does acute ruminal acidosis most often occur?

A

in feed lots

36
Q

what is the most common form of ruminal acidosis in dairy cattle?

A

subacute

37
Q

describe how subacute ruminal acidosis occurs in dairy cattle

A

introduction to high energy TMR when calving into barn from lactation

38
Q

what does the ideal feed contain to prevent ruminal acidosis?

A

fiber roughages and highly digestible concentrates

39
Q

describe the pathogenesis of ruminal acidosis

A
  1. super quick fermentation causes the pH of ruminal fluid to drop below 5 which
  2. decreases numbers of or inactivates rumen protozoa which leads to
  3. an increase in blood lactate (acidic) or D-lactate concentration which causes a
  4. secondary fungi infection
40
Q

what happens in terms of rumen microbes when the pH of rumen fluid drops below 5.5?

A

increase of Lactobacillus (a highly resistant bacteria), which keeps on increasing acidity aand leads to death

41
Q

what does a case of ruminal acidosis do to the rumen mucosa and what does this cause?

A

it damages rumen mucosa which decreases nutrient (VFA) absorption

42
Q

what are the 3 VFAs whose absorption is decreased in ruminal acidosis?

A
  1. acetic acid
  2. proprionic acid
  3. butyric acid
43
Q

what are the signs of ruminal acidosis? (7)

A
  1. anorexia
  2. depression
  3. dehydration
  4. ruminal stasis
  5. profuse diarrhea with sweet-sour odor of feces that may contain undigested kernels
  6. weakness
  7. ataxia leading to recumbency
44
Q

describe the treatment of ruminal acidosis

A
  1. rumen lavage or rumenotomy
  2. aklalinizing agents, like baking soda
  3. fluid and electrolyte therapy
  4. restore forestomach and intestinal motiity by providing palatable hay
45
Q

what is a rumen lavage and what is it used for?

A

tube with water down the rumen, used to treat ruminal acidosis

46
Q

describe a rumenotomy and what it’s used for

A

open cow on left side, reach in and get bad content out; used to treat ruminal acidosis

47
Q

describe what kind of diet is used when treating ruminal acidosis

A

feed fiber and NO grains for a while

48
Q

list 3 methods of prevention or ruminal acidosis

A
  1. control accidental access to grain
  2. gradual introduction to high-level grain diets in feed lots
  3. TMR containing chopped roughage and grain to ensure controlled intake of carbohydrates
49
Q

whcih side of the cow SHOULD the abomasum be on?

A

the right side

50
Q

describe displaced abomasum

A

condition where the abomasum moves into an abnormal location

51
Q

what are the 2 types of abomasal displacement?

A
  1. Right side displacement

2. Left side displacement

52
Q

describe right side displaced abomasum

A

abomasum moves up onto squish cecum

53
Q

describe left side displaced abomasum

A

abomasum moves beyween rumen and abdominal wall

54
Q

what can both right or left side displaced abomasum be acompanied by?

A

volvulus

55
Q

what is volvulus?

A

when the stomach turns in on itself and pinches, resulting in no way for gas to escape, can accompany both left and ride side abomasal displacement

56
Q

what is the stomach, especially the rumen like in case of a volvulus? why?

A

a balloon, because the vacteria keep on fermenting and making more air in a cycle

57
Q

in what breed of cow is abomasal displacement most common?

A

dairy cows

58
Q

at what point in lactation does abomasal displacement most often occur?

A

early lactation

59
Q

does an animal have to be a dairy cow early in her lactation cycle to experience displaced abomasum?

A

no it can affect any ruminant at any time and at any point in lactation

60
Q

what are the 2 main risk factors for displaced abomasum?

A
  1. elevated BCS

2. early lactation

61
Q

why is early lactation a risk factor for displaced abomasum? (3)

A
  1. reduced dry matter intake
  2. negative energy balance
  3. baby make stomach smaller, so more room for stomach and rumen to twist and move around in there
62
Q

list 3 diseases that decrease dry matter intake (DMI), acting as a risk factor for abomasal displacement

A
  1. metritis
  2. mastitis
  3. ketosis
63
Q

what are the clinical findings of displaced abomasum? (5)

A
  1. decreased DM intake
  2. decreased milk production
  3. may be ketotic
  4. signs of colic is displaced to R side
  5. PINGS in auscultation due to high pressure
64
Q

what are some other, more common clinical sigsn observed in cows with displaced abomasum?

A
  1. depression
  2. urine/blood ketones
  3. elevated HR
  4. dehydration
  5. decreased stool
65
Q

describe treatment of a mild case of displaced abomasum

A
  1. IV glucose and calcium
  2. proplyene glycol
  3. pain meds
66
Q

what are the 2 open surgical procedures to treat displaced abomasum?

A
  1. L flank abomasopexy: move abomasum down, suture abdominal wall to hold in palce
  2. R flank omentopexy: reach in, grab omentum, pull up and pull abomasum with it, and suture in place
67
Q

what is the blind surgical technique for treating cows with displaced abomasum? how do you situate the cow and why?

A

Toggle suture: put cow on back for this because abomasum full of air will rise to surface for easy work

68
Q

what are the 2 nonmedical, nonsurgical ways to treat/deal with a cow with abomasal displacement?

A
  1. roll from R lateral to L lateral

2. cull

69
Q

what is the broad definition for colic (in all species but horse people stole it) in horses?

A

abdominal pain

70
Q

what are the 4 causes of colic in horses?

A
  1. wall of intestine is stretched excessively by either gas or fluid or ingested material, and stretch-sensitive nerve endings and pain impulses are transmitted to the brain
  2. pain develops due to excess tension on the mesentery
  3. ischemia develops; traps or severely twists the intestine
  4. inflammation develops and may involve either the entire intestinal wall (eneteritis) or the covering of the intestine (peritonitis)
71
Q

how do you diagnose colic in horses generally/clinically?

A
  1. mucosa: CRT takes longer
  2. elevated heart rate
  3. elevated temperature (2 and 3 due to pain)
72
Q

what is mesentery?

A

connective tissue that holds intestines in place

73
Q

what is ischemia?

A

loss of circulation and oxygen

74
Q

what are 7 signs of colic in horses?

A
  1. pawing
  2. excessive sweating
  3. kicking stomach
  4. rolling a lot
  5. stretching
  6. not eating
  7. looking at stomach
75
Q

what are the 7 types of colic in horses?

A
  1. ileal impaction
  2. strangulating lipoma
  3. proximal enteritis-jejunitis
  4. left dorsal displacement
  5. right dorsal displacement
  6. impaction in large intestine- important one!
  7. volvulus
76
Q

what does a strangulating lipoma colin in horses lead to?

A

ischemia and dead tissue

77
Q

what is a sign of proximal enteritis-jejunitis colic in horses?

A

inflammation

78
Q

what occurs in volvulus colic in horses?

A

intestine turn

79
Q

how do you treat colic in horses?

A

depends on the type whether you go surgical or pain management

Animal Health and Diseases (24 decks)

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