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GI System > Session 2 > Flashcards

Session 2 Flashcards

1
Q

When does development of the primitive gut tube begin

A

Week 3

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2
Q

What 2 layers does the mesoderm split into in the gut

A

Somatic- develops into the abdominal wall

Splanchnic- smooth muscles of the gut

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3
Q

What is the space between the splanchnic and somatic mesoderm

A

Coelomic cavity- pre cursor to pleural cavity and peritoneal cavity

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4
Q

What are omenta

A

Specialised regions of peritoneum

-the greater omentum is derived from the dorsal mesentary

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5
Q

How do the greater and lesser sacs form

A

Rotation of the stomach

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6
Q

What gives passage to folds and reflections that suspends the gut

A

The dorsal and ventral mesenteries

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7
Q

How is the oropharyngeal membrane and hind gut at the cloacal membrane

A

Closed but when the membranes break down, the gut becomes open to the exterior at the future mouth and anus

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8
Q

What are retroperitoneal structures

A

Structures that are not suspended within the peritoneal cavity

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9
Q

Why does the stomach have its distinct curvature

A

When the dorsal border develops it develops faster

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10
Q

How is the liver divided into 2

A

It grown into the ventral mesentery dividing it into 2 parts- the falciform ligament and lesser omentum

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11
Q

What is a hernia

A

A protusion of part o the abdominal contents being the normal confines of the abdominal wall

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12
Q

What does a hernia consist of

A

Sac, contents and coverings

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13
Q

What is the inguinal canal

A

An oblique passage through the Lowe abdominal wall predominantly composed of layers from the antrolateral abdominal muscles

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14
Q

What is the anterior wall mainly composed of

A

Aponeurosis of external oblique

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15
Q

what forms the floor of the inguinal canal

A

Inguinal ligament and lacunar ligament medially

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16
Q

Roof if inguinal canal

A

Arching fibres of internal oblique and transersus abdominus

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17
Q

Posterior wall of inguinal canal

A

Composed of transversalis fascia and conjoint tendon medially

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18
Q

What are the mos common abdominal wall hernias

A

Indirect Inguinal hernias and leave the abdominal cavity in the inguinal region

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19
Q

Are inguinal hernias more common in males or females

A

Males

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20
Q

Where do indirect hernias exit deep inguinal ring and pass into

A

the inguinal canal to variable distance some Pass through the scrotum

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21
Q

Where do direct inguinal hernias pass

A

Directly through the abdominal wall in a area of potential weakness called the Hesselbach’s triangle

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22
Q

How do indirect and direct hernias relate to the inferior epigastric muscles

A

Indirect pass laterally to them direct pass medially

23
Q

Are femoral hernias more common in women or men

A

Women

24
Q

Where do femoral hernias passs

A

Femoral Canal

25
Q

What happens if processus vaginalis doesnt close

A

Risk of hernias in the inguinal canal

25
Q

What happens if processus vaginalis doesnt close

A

Risk of hernias in the inguinal canal

26
Q

What is a omphalocele

A

Failure of the midgut to return to the abdomen during development

27
Q

Gastroschisis

A

Defect in ventral abdominal wall

Abdominal viscera not covered in peritoneum- exposed to amniotic fluid

28
Q

Umbilical hernia

A

Hernia bulge at the site of umblicus

29
Q

Para-umbilical hernia

A

Goes through linea alba in region of umbilicus

30
Q

symptoms of hernia

A

Vomiting
Sepsis
Pain

31
Q

inCarcerated hernia

A

Stuck

32
Q

Stranguated

A

Blood supply is disrupted leading to necrosis

33
Q

What do the paraxial mesoderm form

A

Skeletal muscle
Vertebra
Cartilage

34
Q

What does the intermediate mesoderm go onto form

A

Kidneys

Gonads

35
Q

What does the ectoderm go onto form

A

Nerve tissue

Epidermis

36
Q

What does the foregut form

A

Oesophagus to 2nd part of duodenum where bile duct joins

37
Q

whAt does the mid gut go onto form

A

Distal duodenum to proximal transverse colon

38
Q

What does the hindgut go onto form

A

Distal 2/3 transverse colon to upper anal canal

39
Q

What is the Vitelline duct

A

Connects the midgut to the yolk sac

40
Q

Splanchnopleuric mesoderm

A

Combination of endoderm and splanchnic portion of mesoderm

41
Q

Somatopleuric mesoderm

A

Combination of somatic mesoderm and endoderm

42
Q

What is the intraembryonic coelom

A

Space between somatipleuric and splanchnopleuric mesoderm which gives rise to the abdominal and thoracic cavity

43
Q

What is a vittelibe cyst

A

When there is a small swelling

44
Q

what is a vitteline fistula

A

When the vitteline duct is completely intact

45
Q

What is included in the hind gut

A 
Distal 1/3 transverse colon
Descending colon 
Sigmoid colon
Rectum 
Superior anal canal 
Bladder epithelia
46
Q

What connects teh lesser sac to teh greater sac

A

Foramen of Winslow

47
Q

What gut related landmark marks the start of the midgut?

A

The point at which the common bile duct and major pancreatic duct enter the duodenum

48
Q

Once fully developed, what is the relative position of the small and large bowel sections of the
midgut?

A

The large bowel lies to the right of the small intestine

Transverse colon lies superior to proximal small bowel

49
Q

During the embryology of the gut, what does the cranial portion of the intestinal loop develop into?

A

small intestine

50
Q

If the Caecum did not ‘descend’ during development of the midgut, where would it lie with the
abdominal cavity?

A

under the liver

right upper quadrant

51
Q

If there is a problem during the physiological herniation of the midgut, and it undergoes a single 90-
degree clockwise rotation (as viewed from the front), the final layout of the gut will be different to
normal. Briefly describe this difference.

A

Transverse colon will lie behind the proximal small bowel, instead of in front of it

52
Q

Why are there often more problems with the development of the intestines in Gastroschisis than with
an omphalocoele?

A

With a gastroschisis (a defect in the formation of the anterior abdominal wall) the intestines are not covered in
a layer of peritoneum and so are exposed to the amniotic fluid. This stunts their development. With an
omphalocoele the intestines are covered in peritoneum inside the umbilical cord (not exposed to amniotic
fluid).

53
Q

. How rotation of the midgut during development results in the transverse colon lying
superior to the duodenum?

A

The initial layout of the intestinal loop involves cranial and caudal segments

The cranial section (superior section) develops into the small intestine and the caudal
section (inferior section) develops into the large intestine

There follows a series of three 90-degree counter clockwise (as viewed from the front)
rotations of the gut (while it is herniated)

This brings the caudal section initially to the left (1st rotation), then superior (2 rotation) and then to the right (3rd rotation)

Having followed this rotation the large intestine that develops from the caudal part of the intestine loop has been dragged over the top of the small intestine (and duodenum) and then to the right.

GI System (16 decks)

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