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Year 2 NSB > Face, Temporal, and Infratemporal Fossa  > Flashcards

Face, Temporal, and Infratemporal Fossa  Flashcards

1
Q

There are 4 major muscle groups of the face, what are they?

A
  • Muscles of facial expression (CN VII)
  • Muscle of the cheek (Buccinators) (CN VII)
  • Muscles of scalp
  • Muscles of mastication (CN V3)
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2
Q

What is the name of the muscles that is part of facial expression that surrounds the eyes, and help you open and close the eyes?

A
  • orbicularis oculi (latin for eye)
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3
Q

What is the name of the muscles that is part of facial expression that surrounds the mouth, and help you open and close the eyes?

A
  • orbicularis oris
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4
Q

There is a pair of muscles (each with their own pair), one pair of the front of the head and one pair on the back of the head, on the cranium that insert into the aponeurosis, which are part of the scalp. What are these pairs of muscles called numbered 1 and 2 in the image?

A
  • frontal belly
  • occipital belly
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5
Q

The frontal (front) and occipital (back) belly muscles are a pair of muscles (each with their own pair) on the cranium that insert into the aponeurosis, which are part of the scalp. Together what is the name of these muscles, labelled 1 in the image?

A
  • occipitofrontalis
  • occipitalis = back
  • frontalis = front
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6
Q

There is a muscle which fills the deep surface of the chin and into the neck and is part of the facial muscles involved in expression as seen in the image numbered 1. What is this muscle called?

A
  • platysma muscle
  • draws mouth down and out
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7
Q

There is a muscle located on the face, in the cheek, that is involved in mastication, blowing and sucking. It attaches to the same point as the circular muscles around the mouth called the orbicularis oris. What is this muscle called, numbered 1 in the image?

A
  • bucinator
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8
Q

There are 5 branches of the facial nerves. Using the acronym:

To Zanzibar By Motor Car, what are the 5 branches of the facial nerves?

A

1 - T = Temporal

2 - Z = Zygomatic

3 - B = Buccal

4 - M = Mandibular

5 - C = Cervical

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9
Q

There are 5 branches of the facial nerves. Using the acronym To Zanzibar By Motor Car, we know that the the 5 branches of the facial nerves are:

1 - T = Temporal

2 - Z = Zygomatic

3 - B = Buccal

4 - M = Mandibular

5 - C = Cervical

Where does the facial nerve exit the skull?

A
  • stylomastoid foramen
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10
Q

The facial nerve passes through the skull along the internal acoustic meatus. What is the acoustic meatus and where is it?

A
  • canal that runs along the border of the medial and posterior fossa
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11
Q

The facial nerve passes through the skull along the internal acoustic meatus. This is a canal that runs along the border of the medial and posterior fossa. Which part of the temporal bone does this run over?

A
  • petrous part of temporal bone
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12
Q

What does the name stylomastoid come from?

A
  • opening formed by the styloid and mastoid processes of the temporal bone
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13
Q

Once the facial nerve leaves the stylomastoid foreman it forms a ganglia (group of neuronal bodies). It then travels anteriorly and passes through which gland?

A
  • parotid gland
  • largest salivary gland
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14
Q

What is the opening of the ear canal called?

A
  • external acoustic meatus
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15
Q

Once the facial nerve leaves the stylomastoid foreman it forms a ganglia (group of neuronal bodies). It then travels anteriorly and passes through the largest salivary gland, the parotid gland. What does the nerve divide the parotid gland into?

A
  • deep lobe
  • superficial lobe
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16
Q

Why is the facial nerve so susceptible to injury in trauma, sports, fighting etc, which results in loss of facial muscle control?

A
  • due to its location at back of ear
  • its superficial nature
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17
Q

The facial nerve emerges from the skull at the stylomastoid foramen of the temporal bone. As soon as it emerges it then branches into 2 separate motor branches. What are these called?

A

1 - posterior auricular nerve (supplies ears)

2 - digastric branch (digastric muscle)

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18
Q

The stylomastoid foramen is an important landmark where the facial nerve leaves the skull. Why is the landmark important during labour?

A
  • if assisted using forceps, these attach here
  • if applied inappropriately this can damage the nerve
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19
Q

What does avulsion mean?

A
  • latin for tear off
  • part of babies facial nerve can be torn off during labour if forceps used incorrectly
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20
Q

The trigeminal nerve is the cranial nerve V (CN V). It provides the sensory information for the face and has 3 main branches that innervate 3 different zones of the face, what are these 3 zones called?

A

1 - mandibular zone

2 - maxillary zone

3 - ophthalmic zone

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21
Q

The trigeminal nerve is the cranial nerve V (CN V). It provides the sensory information for the face and has 3 main branches that innervate 3 different zones of the face, called the mandibular, maxillary zone and ophthalmic zones. This nerve is much deeper than the facial nerve and lies deeper to which gland?

A
  • parotid gland
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22
Q

The trigeminal nerve is the cranial nerve V (CN V). It provides the sensory information for the face and has 3 main branches that innervate 3 different zones of the face, called the mandibular, maxillary zone and ophthalmic zones. One of these branches also has a motor function. Which branch is this and what does it innervate?

A
  • mandibular branch
  • innervates pterygoid muscles (lateral and medial) massater and temporalis, ALL MASTICATION
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23
Q

The parotid gland is the largest of the salivary glands. Which duct delivers the parotid contents into the oral cavity?

A
  • parotid duct
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24
Q

The parotid gland is the largest of the salivary glands and its contents are delivered to the oral cavity by the parotid duct. What nerve and 2 blood vessels pierce the parotid gland?

A
  • facial nerve
  • external carotid artery
  • retromandibular vein
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25
Q

What is the cavernous sinus?

A
  • one of the dural sinus of the brain
  • formed between the 2 layers of dura matter (periosteal and meningeal)
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26
Q

Where is the danger area of the face?

A
  • triangle shaped
  • runs from ther corners of the mouth to the bridge of the nose, including the nose and maxilla.
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27
Q

What is the danger area of the face?

A
  • area of face where if it becomes infected can infect the cavernous sinus
  • can lead to cavernous sinus thrombosis, damaging the brain and be fatal
28
Q

What is cavernous sinus thrombosis?

A
  • blood clot that forms in the cavernous sinus
29
Q

The common carotid artery is a large elastic artery which provides the main blood supply to the head and neck. These then branch into 2 main arteries, what are these arteries?

A
  • internal and external carotid artery
30
Q

The common carotid artery is a large elastic artery which provides the main blood supply to the head and neck. This then branches into the internal and external carotid artery. What does the external carotid artery supply?

A
  • blood to the face and neck
31
Q

The common carotid artery is a large elastic artery which provides the main blood supply to the head and neck. This then branches into the internal and external carotid artery. What does the internal carotid artery supply?

A
  • directly into the cranial cavity and joins circle of willis
  • passed through foraman lacerum
32
Q

The external carotid artery is a branch of the common carotid artery and supplies blood to the neck and the face. There are 2 main branches of the face, what are these labelled 1 and 2 in the image?

A

1 = facial artery

2 = lingual artery (lingual is greek for tongue)

33
Q

When we look at the 2 main arteries of the external carotid artery that supply the face, which one is often called the angular artery and runs close to the eyes?

A

facial artery

34
Q

The course that the facial and lingual arteries run appears to be very convoluted when looking at it. This may appear odd, but is like this for a specific purpose. What is this purpose?

A
  • ensures the arteries are not constricted with facial expressions change
35
Q

What are the 2 main vein that drains the head of blood?

A
  • internal and external veins
36
Q

What artery will the facial vein be close to?

A

facial artery

37
Q

Prior to draining into the internal jugular vein, where does the facial vein drain into?

A
  • common facial vein
38
Q

The external jugular vein bifurcates into the retromandibular vein, which then drains blood from which 2 veins?

A
  • anterior = temporal vein
  • posterior = posterior auricular vein
39
Q

What is a fossa?

A
  • anatomical pit, groove, or depression
40
Q

Where is the temporal fossa?

A
41
Q

There are 2 fossa that are big anatomical landmarks on the cranium, which are composed of different bones. Label the 2 fossa with dashed lines and the bones and arch in the image labelled 1-8?

  • frontal bone
  • sphenoid bone
  • parietal bone
  • temporal fossa
  • infratemporal fossa
  • zygomatic arch
  • sphenoid bone
  • zygomatic bone
  • temporal bone
A

1 - temporal fossa

2 - parietal bone

3 - frontal bone

4 - sphenoid bone

5 - temporal bone

6 - zygomatic arch

7 - infratemporal fossa

8 - zygomatic bone

42
Q

The infratemporal fossa is an opening that serves as the passageway for many neurovascular structures. In addition to this, it contains superficial muscles like the inferior portion of the temporalis muscle, the lateral pterygoid muscle and the medial pterygoid muscle. What is the deepest region of the infratemporal fossa that can be seen on the image below, with the bony border marked in yellow?

A
  • lateral pterygoid plate
  • part of the sphenoid bone
43
Q

If there is a tumour that forms in the infratemporal fossa, why is this difficult to operate on?

A
  • take a long time to present
  • anatomically very complicated area
44
Q

The infratemportal fossa serves as the passageway for many neurovascular structures. What is one key nerve that runs through this area?

A
  • mandibular nerve
  • branch of the trigeminal nerve
45
Q

The infratemportal fossa serves as the passageway for many neurovascular structures. What is one key artery that runs through this area?

A
  • maxillary artery
46
Q

The infratemportal fossa serves as the passageway for many neurovascular structures. What is one key ganglion that runs through this area?

A
  • otic (greek for ear) ganglion
47
Q

The infratemportal fossa serves as the passageway for many neurovascular structures. What is one key muscles that runs through this area?

A
  • pterygoid plexus of veins
48
Q

The pterygoid plexus of veins runs through the infratemporal fossa. What is it?

A
  • extensive valveless plexus of veins
  • drain blood from the face and head
49
Q

The otic ganglion runs through the infratemporal fossa. What is it?

A
  • parasympathetic ganglion
  • innervates the glossopharyngeal nerve and the parotid gland for salivation.
50
Q

The pterygopalatine fossa (PPF) is a small, clinically inaccessible, fat-filled space located in the deep face that serves as a major neurovascular crossroad between the oral cavity, nasal cavity, nasopharynx, orbit, masticator space, and the middle cranial fossa. It connects to the intratemporal fossa using what fissure (narrowing or opening)?

A
  • pterygomaxillary fissure
51
Q

Located in the pterygopalatine fossa, a small, clinically inaccessible, fat-filled space located in the deep face that serves as a major neurovascular crossroad between the oral cavity, nasal cavity, nasopharynx, orbit, masticator space, and the middle cranial fossa. It connects to the intratemporal fossa using the pterygomaxillary fissure (narrowing or opening). It also posseses a parasympathetic ganglion that supplies the nose, palate and glands of the oral cavity. What is this ganglion called?

A
  • pterygopalatine ganglion
  • innervates the lacrimal gland, paranasal sinuses
52
Q

There are 4 parasympathetic ganglion in the head. What are these called Peter Can Open Submarines acronym to remember?

A

1 - Ciliary ganglion

2 - Otic ganglion

3 - Submandibular ganglion

4 - pterygopalatine ganglion

53
Q

The external carotid artery bifurcates into which 2 arteries?

A

1 - maxillary artery

2 - superficial temporal artery

54
Q

The maxillary artery comes from the external carotid artery. Once it reaches the trigeminal nerve it bifurcates into what?

A
  • middle meningeal artery
  • important as this is what ruptures if the pterion is damaged
55
Q

The trigeminal nerve has 3 zones the mandibular, maxillary and opthalamic zone. What is a key nerve that supplies the mandibular zone?

A
  • mandibular nerve
  • V3
56
Q

The trigeminal nerve has 3 zones the mandibular, maxillary and opthalamic zone. What is a key nerve that supplies the maxillary zone?

A
  • maxillary nerve
  • V2
57
Q

The trigeminal nerve has 3 zones the mandibular, maxillary and opthalamic zone. What is a key nerve that supplies the opthalmic zone?

A
  • opthalamic (greek for eye) nerve
  • V1
58
Q

Which vein runs behind the ears?

A
  • posterior auricular (latin for ear) vein
59
Q

What are the pterygoid processes?

A
  • medial and lateral wings of sphenoid bone
60
Q

What is the pterygoid venous plexus?

A
  • venous network
  • surrounds the pterygoid segment of the maxillary artery
  • located over the the pterygoid processes of the sphenoid bone
61
Q

There are 4 key muscles involved in mastication, what are they?

A

1 - media pterygoid (grinding)

2 - lateral pterygoid (grinding)

3 - masseter (pulls mandible up)

4 - temporalis (pulls mandible up)

62
Q

Label the 4 key muscles involved in mastication in the image below?

  • medial pterygoid
  • temproalis
  • massater
  • lateral pterygoid
A

1 - temproalis

2 - massater

3 - lateral pterygoid

4 - medial pterygoid

63
Q

The 4 major muscles that contribute to mastication, temporalis, massater, lateral and medial pterygoid are all controlled by which nerve?

A
  • mandibular nerve from the trigeminal nerve (CN V)
64
Q

What is the temporomandibular joint?

A
  • joint connecting jaw to temporal bones
  • tempo = temporal
  • mandibular = jaw
65
Q

The temporomandibular joint is the connection between the mandible and the temporal bone. In addition to muscles there are ligaments which stabilise the joint in a connective fibrous capsule. What are the key ligaments?

A
  • lateral ligament
  • sphenomandibular ligament
  • stylomandibular ligament

Year 2 NSB (53 decks)

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