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HEMATOLOGY > P1 EXAM > Flashcards

P1 EXAM Flashcards

coverage

1
Q

skin puncture/ demo puncture/ capillary puncture

A

limit milking for interstitial fluid not to mix up with blood

2-2.5 mm depth
<2 mm standard depth
warm 42°C for 2-5 mins (arterialize for bg)

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2
Q

Tourniquet should be

A

3-4 inches above puncture site

1 min. in instances na way 1min choice 2 mins

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3
Q

Standard needle gauge

Standard needle length

A

21

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4
Q

Echymosis and Hematoma

A

Echymosis leakage of blood that does not swell hematoma swells

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5
Q

Anticoagulant for Gray top tube

A

Potassium Oxalate
Sodium fluoride 8%

Additive:
2% sodium Fluoride

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6
Q

Platelet clumping

A

in automatic analyzer platelet is read as wbc

cn be corrected through:

collect new sample using citrated tube and multiply result with 1.1

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7
Q

When will we use Beacoms and Erlichs method

A

For bone marrow aspirate

recommended is erlich

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8
Q

Whats the reason as to why there is hole in blood smear

A

physiologically: an increase amoung of lipid

or cause by dirty slides

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9
Q

Romanowsky stains - stains that can either be basic or acidic

A

Giemsa stain

Wright stain

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10
Q

Metheylene blue -basic dye

A

stain nucleus blue or purple

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11
Q

pH of buffer used

A

6.2-6.8

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12
Q

first cell produced in embryo

A

primitive erythroblast

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13
Q

Embryonic hgb

A

Gower 1&2, Portland

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14
Q

Spleen focus on

A

megakaryopoeisis and granulopoeisis

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15
Q

transport of iron from enterocyte to circulation

A

ferroportin

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16
Q

most sensitive marker for IDA

A

serum ferritin

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17
Q

How many atoms of iron transferrin holds

A

2 atoms of iron

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18
Q

TIBC principle

A

in IDA

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19
Q

where does hgb synthesis happen

A

Mitochondria and cytoplasm

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20
Q

Oxyhgb - red in aftery
Deoxyhgb - dark red veins
Carboxyhgb - (cherry red) carries carbon monoxide instead of O2
Methhemoglobin- oxidized hgb from ferrous to ferric - chocolate brown
Sulfhemoglobin- sulfur containing compounds attaching to hgb seen in cases of clostridium infection - mauve lavender

A

210x affinity of carbon monoxide more than oxygen

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21
Q

Penthose phosphate pathway

NADPH production

A

Hexose monophosphate shunt

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22
Q

Depth of Puncture for capillary

A

<2 mm - infant (standard)

2-2.5 mm - adult

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23
Q

Warming the puncture site in 40-42°C and for 2-5 mins. would increase the blood flow by how many folds?

A

7 folds

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24
Q

Sample of choice for BGA or blood gas analysis

A

Capillary puncture sample

25
Q

Puncture sites for capillary puncture in infants

A

Heel- median or lateral side of the plantar surface of the heel
for ages 1-2 yrs old

26
Q

Puncture site for capillary puncture in adults

A

Palmar surface, distal portion of the 3rd or 4th finger of the non-dominant hand

27
Q

Angle of puncture for venipuncture

A

15-30’ between skin and needle

28
Q

Standard needle length for venipuncture
Standard needle gauge
Where should tourniquet be tied

A

1-1.5 inches
21
3-4 inches or 7.5-10 cm above puncture site

29
Q

What analyte most affected due to prolonged application of tourniquet

A

Potassium

30
Q

Tourniquet should be left in the arm for

A

1 min

if there’s no 1 min, max should be ≤2 mins.

31
Q

Result of prolonged tourniquet application

A

Hemolysis, hemoconcentration, decrease clotting time

H,H, dCT

32
Q

The most commonly encountered, complication of venipuncture characterized by purplish discoloration, leakage of SMALL amount of blood around the puncture site

A

Ecchymosis

  • has no swelling
33
Q

A complication of venipuncture characterize by purplish discoloration, leakage of LARGE amount of blood that rapidly swells

A

Hematoma

34
Q

3 most common complications of venipuncture in order

A

Ecchymosis
Syncope
Hematoma

35
Q

Bacteria that are inhibited by SPS

A

Neisseria spp

36
Q

Anticoagulant to blood ration for Light blue top tube (sodium citrate tube) as well as its inversion times

A

1:9 / 3-4 times

37
Q

What’s the color of the background when Romanowsky stained is used for heparinized sample

Clue: pH of heparins is slightly alkaline

A

Bluish

38
Q

The additives used in gray top tube, sodium fluoride 2%, inhibit what electrolytes

A

directly inhibit magnesium

indirectly inhibiting enzyme enolase

39
Q

Samples used in Peripheral blood preparation

A 
Anticoagulant- free blood (bedside) 
EDTA  blood (made within 2hrs after collection)
40
Q

It is a result of complications in EDTA blood sample that causes adherence of platelets in the WBC (specifically for neutrophils) thus causing a decrease in platelet count (pseudothrombocytopenia)

A

Platelet satellitosis

41
Q

How to correct samples with platelet satellitosis

A
  • Collect new blood sample using citrated tube
42
Q

It is a result of complications in EDTA blood sample that is a result of improperly mixing and daghan na blood ang naa

A

Platelet clumping - results to pseudoleukocytosis and pseudothrombocytopenia

43
Q

In cases of polycythemia vera or increased rbc angle of spreader slide should be _____________, in decreased rbc _________

A

increased: . < angle
decreased: . > angle

44
Q

Method of coverslip technique in smear preparation that uses glass slide and cover slip

A

Beacom’s method

45
Q

Method of coverslip technique in smear preparation that should be used for bone marrow aspirates

Note: both coverslip is used

A

Ehrlich’s method

-enables excellent/even wbc distribution

46
Q

Example of Romanowsky stain which is acidic and colors cytoplasmic structures an orange-red color

A

Eosin

47
Q

Example of Romanowsky stain which is basic and colors the nucleus and some cytoplasmic structures a blur or purple color

A

Methylene blue

48
Q

Cell that carries CD-24 and gives rise to other type of cells

A

Pluripotent stem cell

49
Q

Chief site of hematopoiesis for mesoblastic stage

A

Yolk sac

50
Q

Myeloid to erythroid ratio

A

2:4:1

51
Q

Site of maximal absorption of iron

A

Duodenum (1-2 mg)

-jejunum can also absorb iron

52
Q

Soluble storage form of iron

while

Insoluble storage form of iron

A

Ferritin

Hemosiderin

53
Q

Transport of iron to circulatory system

vs

Transport of iron from enterocyte to circulation

A

Transferrin

Ferroportin

54
Q

Reference range of serum ferritin in men: ___________; in women ______’’

A

15-200 ug/dL

12-150 ug/dL

55
Q

1 gram of Hgb is equals to how many grams of oxygen

1 gram of Hgb is equals to how many grams of iron

A
  1. 34 mL of oxygen

3. 47 mg of iron

56
Q

Heme synthesis starts with what chemical component

A

succinyl CoA and glycine

57
Q

Reference method for hemoglobin determination

A

CYANMETHEMOGLOBIN

58
Q

Pronormoblast/ Rubriblast

A

 Size: 14-20 um (same size mature monocyte)
 Nucleoli: present
 Thin nuclear membrane
 Homogenous basophilic cytoplasm (bluish)
 Earliest recognizable erythroid precursor using light microscope
 Length of time: more than 24 hrs.
 Nucleus to cytoplasm ration: 8:1

59
Q

Basophilic normoblast / Prorubricyte

A

 Size: 12-17 um
 Nucleoli: 0-1 (may or may not contain)
 Cytoplasm appears more abundant than in pronormoblast
 Coarser chromatin
 Last stage with a nucleolus
 Nucleus to cytoplasm ration: 6:1
 Length of time: slightly more than 24 hrs.

HEMATOLOGY (5 decks)

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