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EXCI 252: INTRO TO PHYS ACT > Lecture 3: Principles of Assessment, Prescription, & Exercise Program Adherence > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Principles of Assessment, Prescription, & Exercise Program Adherence Flashcards

1
Q

what is the defintion of physical activity

A

bodily movement produced by the contraction of skeletal muscles that results in a substantial increase in caloric requirements

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2
Q

what is the definiton of exercise

A

type of physical activity consisting of planned, structured, & repetitive bodily movement

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3
Q

what is the definition of physical fitness (2)

A

set of attributes or characteristics individuals have or achieve that relates to their ability to perform physical activity & activities of daily living.

carry out daily tasks with vigor & alertness, without fatigue and with energy to enjoy life and emergencies

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4
Q

what are the 2 componets of physical fitness and their definition

A
  • health related components: related to gen. health

- skill related components: perfomance related (perform sports and acvities)

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5
Q

What are the health related components of physical fitness?

A

Cardiorespiratory Endurance
Musculoskeletal Fitness (musc. strength, musc. endurance, bone strength)
Body Weight & Body Composition
Flexibility

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6
Q

What are the skill related components

A 
Speed
Power (goes with muscular strength=affects health)
Agility
Balance (affects health)
Reaction time
Coordination
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7
Q

What are the two skill related components that affect health?

A

Power (goes w musc strength)

balance

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8
Q

WHat are the 2 definitions of cardiorespitory endurance

A

is the ability of the heart, lungs, & circulatory system to supply O2 & nutrients efficiently to working muscles.

is the ability to perform large-muscle, dynamic, moderate- to high-intensity exercise for prolonged periods.

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9
Q

What is the measurement defintion of VO2 max

A

rate of O2 utilization of the muscles during aerobic exercise with graded exercise tests (GXTs).

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10
Q

define muskuloskeletal endurance

A

The ability of the skeletal & muscular systems to perform work.

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11
Q

What are the subcomponents of musckuloskeletal fitness and their defintions

A

Muscular Strength: maximal force or tension (expressed in Newtons or pounds) generated by muscle

Muscular endurance:
2 subtypes
1) is the ability to perform repeated contractions over a period of time sufficient to cause muscular fatigue, or (DYNAMIC MUSCULAR ENDURANCE)
2) to maintain a submaximal force for a prolonged period of time. (STATIC/ISOMETRIC MUSCULAR ENDURANCE)

Bone Strength
is related to the risk of bone fracture.
is a function of the mineral content & density of bone tissue.

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12
Q

what is body weight and body comp

A

weight: size/mass of individual

body comp: refers to body weight in terms of the absolute & relative amounts of muscle, bone, & fat tissues.

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13
Q

what is the definition of flexibility

A

is the ability to move a joint or series of joints fluidly through their complete range of motion (ROM).

the maximum ROM of a joint.

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14
Q

what is the definiton of balance

A

is the ability to keep the body’s center of gravity within the base of support when:
(maintaining a static position,
performing voluntary movements, or
reacting to external disturbances)

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15
Q

what is the definition of functional balance

A

is the ability to perform daily movement tasks requiring balance.

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16
Q

What is the ACSM pretesting instructions

A

rested
no food, alcohol, caffeine tobocca within 3 hours
well rested
avoid exercise on the day of
clothing should permit freedom of movement
drink ample fluids 24h before

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17
Q

If the fitness test is for diagnostic purposes (to uncover a disease) what should the patient do

A

it may be helpful for patients to discontinue prescribed cardiovascular medications (w dr approval)

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18
Q

If the test is for functional or Ex Rx purposes, what should the patient do?

A

patients should continue their medication regimen on their usual schedule (for consistency)

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19
Q

if the evaluation is for an outpatient basis, what should the patient be aware of

A

exercise test may be fatiguing & may need driver to go home

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20
Q

true or false: patients should not bring their medication list with them?

A

FALSE
including dosage & frequency of administration
(may even bring actual meds)

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21
Q

What are the CSEP pre assessment instructions?

A

exercise clothes
do not smoke, eat or drink caffein w/i 2 hours
do not drink alchool or exercise within 6 hours

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22
Q

WHat is the difference between the CSEP and ACSM pre assessment instructions

A

ACSM: no food, alcohol, caffeein or smoking within 3 hours
CSEP:smoke, eat or caffeein within 2 ours
alcohol within 6 hours

ACSM: no exercise the day of
CSEP: no exercise within 6 hours

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23
Q

What are the 3 requirements to make sure before the participant arrives at the test site?

A
  • consent & screening forms, data recording sheets, etc are available
  • ensure that all testing equip (skinfold, treadmill etc) have been calibrated
  • room temp tween 20 and 22, humidity < 60% with adequate airflow.
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24
Q

Has three been an official testing order estabilished>

A

no

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25
Q

What is important to remember about the testing order?

A

BP and heart rate at rest should be measured first (and allow time to return back to normal)

do not stress the same msucle repeatdely

order of the tests must remain the same to ensure reliability

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26
Q

What is ACSM recommended testing order?

A 
Resting heart rate
Resting blood pressure
Height & weight
Body composition & balance
Cardiorespiratory endurance
Muscular fitness
Flexibility
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27
Q

what is the order of tests recommended by CSEP

A

1) resting heart rate and bp
2) anthropometric measure (weight, height, body comp)
3) aerobic fitness assessment
4) muskulotskeletal assessment

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28
Q

Name some tests that test aerobic fitness

A

Modified Canadian Aerobic Fitness Test (mCAFT) or
Ebbeling Treadmill Walking Test or
Rockport 1-Mile Walk Test or
YMCA Cycle Ergometer Test

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29
Q

what are some examples of musculoskeletal test

A

Hand Grip Strength Test (isometric muscular strength of forearm muscles)

Predicted 1-RM (Dynamic muscular strength of tested muscles (e.g., bench press).

Push-Ups Test (Dynamic muscular endurance of upper body muscles (chest, shoulders & arms).)

Sit-and-Reach Test (Static flexibility of the hamstrings & lower back)

Vertical Jump Test (Leg power. )

Back Extension Test (Isometric muscular endurance of the upper body, primarily the back extensor muscles)

Forearm Plank Test (Isometric muscular endurance of upper body (abdominal muscles)).

One-Leg Stance Test (Static balance of the legs)

Y Balance Test (Dynamic standing balance of the legs.)

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30
Q

What are the factors taht can affect test validity and reliability (6)

A

1) failure to listen to pre assessment instructions
2) testing order
3) testing environment
4) test anxiety
5) accostemoded to the test protocol
6) emotional problems

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31
Q

What are the 3 requirements for a test

A

Valid,
Reliable, &
Objective.

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32
Q

explain test validity

A

is the ability of a test to measure accurately, with minimal error, a specific physical fitness component.
is affected by test reliability & test objectivity.

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33
Q

explain test reliability

A
  • is the ability of a test to yield consistent & stable scores across trials & over time.
  • is also called intrarater reliability.
  • tests with poor reliability have poor validity.
  • a test with excellent reliability but poor validity is possible.
34
Q

explain test objectivity

A

yield similar test scores for a given individual when the same test is administered by different technicians.
is also called interrater reliability.

35
Q

what are reported with test validity

A

test sensitivity

test specifificty

36
Q

what is test sensitivity

A

is the probability of correctly identifying individuals who have risk factors for a specific disease or syndrome.

is typically < 100%.

some false positives.

37
Q

what is test specificity

A

is a measure of the ability to correctly identify individuals with no risk factors for a specific disease or syndrome.

is typically < 100%.

some false negatives.

38
Q

What are the 2 types of measures of physical fitness

A

direct measures

indirect measures

39
Q

explain direct measured

A
  • are obtained using reference or criterion methods/are obtained in the laboratory setting.
  • most valid
  • “gold standard” to validate field tests & to develop prediction equations that accurately estimate the reference measure.
  • are expensive, time consuming, & require considerable expertise.
40
Q

explain indirect measures

A
  • are used because one cannot always measure some physical fitness components directly.
  • ESTIMATE in field settings & clinical settings.(with a ref. measure)
  • typically involve the use of prediction equations.
41
Q

explain direct vs indirect muscular strength testing

A

reference measure: force or torque
reference method: 1 rep max, linear transducers
indirect: submax tests like 2 rep max

42
Q

explain direct vs indirect body comp testing

A

reference measure: FFM, %BF
reference method: hydrodensity or dexo
indirect: skinfolds, antro, bioelectrical impednace

43
Q

explain direct vs indirect bone strenth testing

A

reference measure: bone mineral and density
reference method: DEXA
indirect: anthro of bony width

44
Q

explain direct vs indirect flexibility testing

A

reference measure: rom of a joint in degrees
reference method: xray or goniometry
indirect: linear flexibility tests

45
Q

explain direct vs indirect balance testing

A

reference measure: none
reference method: computerized assessment
indirect: bslance tests

46
Q

explain direct vs indirect cardiorespitory testing

A

referece measure: direct vo2
reference method: max GXT with open circuit spiromtry
indirect: submax GXT

47
Q

what is a prediction/regression equation

A

equations used to predict/estimate direct measures of health related components

48
Q

What is the accuracy of a prediction equation measured with?

A

simple (r) or multiple correlations (Rmc),

squared correlations (R2),

the standard error of the estimate (SEE),

the total error (TE),

the 95% limits of agreement, &

cross-validation.

49
Q

what is corelateion

A

determined relationship between 2 sets of dats

50
Q

what is the correlation coefficient?

A

A value between -1.0 and 1.0 that indicates the degree of relationship between 2 sets of measures.

51
Q

What is the simple corelation coefficient? the multiple correalation

A

the correlation between the reference (criterion) measure of the physical fitness component & the predictor in the regression equation.

multiple: between 2 of more predictors

52
Q

What is the squared correlation (R2)

A

provides an indication of the variability in the criterion measure that can be predicted from the indirect measure:
(shared variance)

53
Q

what is the standard error of estimate?

A

GROUP PREDICTION ERROR

accuracy of the prediction equation & the validity of the test.

average amount of error in predicton from y to x

is the standard deviation of the errors, or residual scores, of prediction:
(residual score (y-y’) where y=measured, y’ predicted)

54
Q

What is an acceptable value for the SEE?

A

fa SEE < 5.0 mL·kg-1·min-1

55
Q

true or false: test scores and error scores are assumed to be normally distributed.

A

true

56
Q

what is the SEE for the balke protocol?

A

2.5

57
Q

What is the 95% limits of agreement?

A

-is a measure of individual prediction error.

estimates how well you will be able to predict your client’s actual value when using the prediction equation.

This is accomplished by using the Bland & Altman Method (1986):

For each individual in the sample, calculate difference scores & average scores:
Difference Scores = (actual values – predicted values)
Average Scores = [(actual values + predicted values) / 2].
Then the difference scores & average scores are plotted on a graph.

58
Q

is it bettee to have a larger 95% limits or smaller

A

smaller, better predictive accuracy

59
Q

what is total erorr

A

average degree of variation of deviateion of individual data points in comparison to line of identity

60
Q

what is cross validation?

A

a method to test the accuracy of a prediction (regression) equation on a different sample from the one on which it was developed.

61
Q

How do you choose a prediction equation

A

1) use one tested on a Large sample size
2) were developed with 20 to 40 subjects per predictor variable.
3) possess validity and (simple or multiple) correlation coefficients > 0.80.
4) have a high coefficient of determination (r2).
5) has been cross validated

62
Q

What are the 2 types of prediction equations?

A

1) population specific (are intended only for individuals from a specific homogeneous group)

2) generalized: are developed using diverse heterogeneous samples.
account for differences in physical characteristics by including these variables as predictors in the equation, e.g., age, gender, height, & body weight.

63
Q

What are some examples of population specific prediction equations?

A

Balke (for sedentary and active men and women)
1 RM prediction (for men and women, divided by age)
prediction of body fat (divided by gender, race, age)

64
Q

What are some examples of generalized prediction equations?

A

ebbeling
rockport 1 mile
skinfold

65
Q

why is it important to use a prediction equation with the appropriate population (group) & measurement site

A

to reduce chance of error

66
Q

What are the 7 basic principles for determining exercise program

A

1) Specificity Training Principle
2) Overload Training Principle
3) Principle of Progression (Stages of Progression)
4) Principle of Initial Values
5) Principle of Interindividual Variability or Individuality
6) Principle of Diminishing Returns
7) Principle of Reversibility (Detraining)

67
Q

explain the specificty training principle and what training effects are specific to?

A

The body’s physiological & metabolic responses & adaptations to exercise training are specific to the type of exercise & the muscle groups involved.

(Only the muscles or body systems being exercised will show beneficial changes.)

training effects are specficic to: muscle groups, joint actions, speed and tpye of contraction, amount of overload

68
Q

explain the overload principle of training and how can it be achieved?

A

The physiological systems of the body must be taxed using loads that are greater than those to which the individual is accustomed

increasing the frequency, intensity, and/or duration

69
Q

What is the most important principle for designing an exercise program?

A

OVERLOAD (intensity is most important)

70
Q

epxlain the principle of progression

A

The gradual increase of the overload or training volume

71
Q

explain the principle of initial values

A

The relative gains & rate of improvement in response to exercise training depends on an individual’s initial physical fitness level.

72
Q

explain the principle of interindividuality variability

A

Individual responses to a training stimulus are quite variable & they depend on a number of factors such as:
age, health status, initial fitness level, genetics

73
Q

what is the responce to stimuli dependent on?

A 
Genetic Endowment (Farther from genetic limit = bigger improvements.)
Biologic Age (Affects the amount of adaptation)
Training State (Low fitness level = respond at a higher rate & magnitude.)
Health Status (Adaptive energy is reduced when sick or ill)
Fatigue State (Follow proper recovery strategies.)
74
Q

explain the priciple of diminiishing returns

A

An individual’s rate of improvement in physical fitness slows & eventually plateaus (because of genetic ceiling)

75
Q

explain the principle of revrersibility

A

The positive physiological effects & health benefits of regular physical activity & exercise are reversible as demonstrated by detraining.

76
Q

What are the 5 basic elements of the exercise prescription

A

FITT+progression

F=frequency
I=Intensity
T=time (duration)
T= type (mode)
progression of exercise
77
Q

How can you improve continuously?

A

PROGRESSIVELY OVERLOADED

78
Q

What are the 3 stages of progression in the exercise program and explain

A

Initial conditioning
improvement
maintenance

79
Q

Explain the initial conditioning stage

A

dur: Takes 1-6 weeks (learning techniques)
purpose: Serves as a primer to familiarize the client with exercise training

80
Q

explain the improvement stage

A

dur: 4-8 months (rapid progression)
purpose: Progressive improvement of physical fitness until a client’s fitness goal is achieved.

81
Q

explain maintenance stage

A

dur: regular, long term basis
frequency: Maintain the level of fitness achieved by the client at the completion of the improvement stage.

MUST DECREASE THE VOLUME

82
Q

what is corelateion

A

determined relationship between 2 sets of dats

EXCI 252: INTRO TO PHYS ACT (9 decks)

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