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Leukocytes Flashcards

1
Q

What is the importance of leukocytes in the body?

A

It plays an important role in defense and immunity.

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2
Q

WBCs are the _______ blood cells but they account for only ____ of the blood volume.

A

largest ; 1%

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3
Q

WBCs contain ______ and have some ________ in their cytoplasm.

A

nuclei ; granules

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4
Q

What does an increase in number of WBCs numbers in the bloodstream tell us?

A

That it is a sign of physiological problem, like infection, trauma or malignancy.

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5
Q

What are the two main type of leukocytes?

A

Granulocytes

Agranulocytes

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6
Q

List the granular leukocytes?

A

Basophil
Neutrophil
Eosinophil

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7
Q

List the agranular leukocytes?

A

Lymphocyte

Monocyte

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8
Q

What kind of nucleus does granulocytes have?

A

They have multilobed nuclei in their cytoplasm.

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9
Q

What dye colour does eosinophil take when it is stained and seen under a microscope?

A

Red acid dye(eosin)

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10
Q

What dye colour does basophil take when it is stained and seen under a microscope?

A

Alkaline methylene blue

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11
Q

What dye colour does neutrophil take when it is stained and seen under a microscope?

A

Purple because they take up both dyes.

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12
Q

Which cell among WBCs are the most numerous?

A

Neutrophil

Note: They account for 50-70% of the WBC population.

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13
Q

Why are neutrophils said to be chemically neutral?

A

Because their granules take up both basic (blue) and acidic (red) dyes when stained.

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14
Q

Describe the nucleus of a neutrophil?

A

The nucleus has two to five lobes, connected by very thin strands of chromatin resembling bead of a string.(multi-lobed nucleus)

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15
Q

Describe the granules found in the cytoplasm of a neutrophil and their content?

A

Their cytoplasm is packed with very fine pale granules containing lysosomal enzymes and bactericidal (bacteria-killing agent).

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16
Q

What is the diameter of a neutrophil?

A

12 microns

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17
Q

What are the main functions of neutrophil?

A
  • To protect against any foreign material that gains entry to the body mainly microbes. Hence, they are the first of the WBCs to arrive at the site of an infection.
  • They remove waste materials(e.g cell debris)
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18
Q

Neutrophil ingest and kill microbes by ___________.

A

phagocytosis

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19
Q

What is the lifespan of a neutrophil in the bloodstream?

A

About 10hrs.

Note: When they are actively engulfing debris or pathogens,they may last for 30 mins or less.

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20
Q

Describe the nucleus of an eosinophil?

A

It has two lobes connected by a thick strand of chromatin(bi-lobed nucleus).

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21
Q

Describe the granules found in the cytoplasm of an eosinophil and their content ?

A
  • The cytoplasm is packed with large, coarse granules that stain from brick red to crimson with acid (eosin) dyes.
  • The granules are lysosome-like.
22
Q

What are the functions of eosinophil?

A
  • It neutralises histamine that are released during allergic reactions.
  • It protects the body against parasites and roundworms by releasing toxic compounds.
  • It also reduces degree of inflammation when there is injury.
23
Q

Eosinophil account for ______ of all leukocytes.

A

2-4%

24
Q

What is the diameter of an eosinophil?

A

10-17 microns

25
Q

Describe the nucleus of a basophil?

A

The nucleus has two lobes which commonly obscured by the granules.

26
Q

Describe the granules found in the cytoplasm of a basophil and their content ?

A

Its cytoplasm contains large, coarse, histamine and heparin granules that have an affinity for the basic dyes.

27
Q

What are the functions of basophil?

A
  • They migrate to injury sites and across the capillary endothelium to accumulate on damaged tissues where they release their granules in the interstitial fluids.
  • They increase the permeability of the capillaries to allow phagocytic cells in the tissue space.
28
Q

What is the diameter of a basophil?

A

8-10 microns.

29
Q

Basophil account for ______ of all leukocytes.

A

0.5-1%

Note: They are the rarest of white blood cells.

30
Q

Give the order of formation of granulocytes?

A

After a hemocytoblast we get a common myloid stem cell after which we get a myeloblast followed by neutrophilic, basophilic and eosinophilic promyelocyte which then result in basophil, neutrophil and eosinophil.

31
Q

List the characteristics of agranulocytes?

A
  • They no granules in their cytoplasm.

- They have a single layer round slightly indented nucleus.

32
Q

What are the two types of agranulocytes?

A

Monocyte

Lymphocyte

33
Q

Monocyte account for ______ of all leukocytes.

A

5-8%

34
Q

Lymphocyte account for ______ of all leukocytes.

A

~ 20%

Note: They are the second most leukocytes in the blood.

35
Q

Monocytes are large __________ cells which engulf ______ and __________.

A

mononuclear(monster); debris; pathogens

36
Q

What is the diameter of a monocyte?

A

15 microns

37
Q

Describe the nucleus of a monocyte?

A

It has a large nucleus that tends to be oval or kidney-shaped rather than lobed.

38
Q

What are the functions of a monocyte?

A
  • They are crucial in the body’s defense against viruses, certain intracellular bacterial parasites, and chronic infections such as tuberculosis.
  • When they are phagocytically active, they release chemicals that attracts and stimulates neutrophils and other monocytes to the sites.
39
Q

What type of cell is a monocyte?

A

It is a very aggressive phagocyte, that attempt to engulf items as large as or larger than themselves.

40
Q

When does a monocyte becomes a tissue macrophage?

A

When it leaves the bloodstream and enter the peripheral tissues.

41
Q

What is the lifespan of a monocyte?

A

Several months.

42
Q

Give the order of formation of monocytes?

A

Hemocytoblast /Myeloid stem cell/Monoblast/Promonocyte/Monocytes(Mature macrophage)

43
Q

Describe the nucleus of lymphocytes?

A
  • They have large nucleus that occupies most of the cell volume.
  • The nucleus is usually spherical but may be slightly indented, and it is surrounded by a thin rim of pale-blue cytoplasm.
44
Q

Where are lymphocytes located?

A

Blood
Lymphatic tissues
Spleen
Lymph nodes

45
Q

Give the order of formation of lymphocytes?

A

Hemocytoblast/Lymphoid stem cell/Lymphoblast/Prolymphocyte/Lymphocytes

46
Q

What are the 3 main types of cells found in lymph?

A

Natural killer cells
B-cells
T-cells

47
Q

What are the function of T-cells?

A
  • They are responsible for cell mediated immunity (cellular immunity).
  • They have a specific defence mechanism against invading foreign cells and tissues.
  • T-cells enter peripheral tissues and attack foreign cells directly.

Note: They migrate to their targets.

48
Q

What are the functions of B cells?

A
  • They are responsible for humoral immunity.
  • It is a specific defence mechanism that involves the production of antibodies ;they attack the foreign antigens throughout the body.
49
Q

How does B cells travel?

A

-They travel by blood, lymph and interstitial fluid.

50
Q

What are the functions of Natural killer cells?

A
  • They are responsible for immune surveillance.
  • They play a role in the detection and subsequent destruction of abnormal cells.
  • They are important in preventing cancer.

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